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MCAT Biology > Chapter 1: The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A

All living things are made of cells. The cell is a basic fundamental unit of life. Cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA.

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2
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

They can be unicellular or multi-cellular and it contains a nucleus and other organelles. They also have a cell wall, multiple linear chromosomes, membranes that consist of a phospholipid bilayer and have a cytosol.

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3
Q

Where are Eukaryotes found?

A

in protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

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4
Q

Cytosol?

A

It is a fluid found inside eukaryotes and allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell.

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5
Q

How does Eukaryotes reproduce?

A

They reproduce by mitosis, which results in 2 identical daughter cells.

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6
Q

What are the organelles in eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes.

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7
Q

Nucleus?

A

It is the control center of the cell that contains all genetic material necessary for replication of the cell. It is surrounded by the nuclear membrane or envelope. It consists of nuclear pores, a nucleolus.

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8
Q

Nuclear Membrane or Envelope?

A

Surrounds the nucleus. This is a double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

Nuclear Pores?

A

Are in the nucleus and allows a selective two way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

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10
Q

Nucleolus?

A

The dark part (circle) in the nucleus. It is 25% of nucleus volume. This is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized.

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11
Q

Mitochondria?

A

This is part of the eukaryotes. This is the power house of the cell, and contains 2 layers, the inner and the outer membrane. It is semi-autonomous, because they contain some of their own genes and replication independently of nucleus by binary fission. It also participates in apoptosis, and it is part of the endo-ymbiotic theory.

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12
Q

Outer Membrane?

A

Barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion.

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13
Q

Inner Membrane?

A

Are thrown into numerous infoldings called cristae. It includes the mitochondrial matrix.

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14
Q

Cristea?

A

This is part of the inner membrane and contains molecules and enzymes that are needed for the electron transport chain. This increases surface area available for electron transport chain enzymes.

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15
Q

Apoptosis?

A

When cells go through a programmed cell death. Lysosomes and Mitochondria goes through this sometimes.

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16
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

How larger prokaryotic cells engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells. These smaller cells in the larger cells evolved into organelles over time. Prokaryotes came from something else.

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17
Q

Lysosomes:

A

Structures that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many different substrates. These work with endosomes, to transport, package, and sort cell materials travelling to and from the membrane usually to trans-Golgi, or the cell membrane. This may result in apoptosis, when autolysis occurs.

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18
Q

Autolysis?

A

When enzymes are released. It leads to apoptosis of lysosomes.

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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

A

This is a series of interconnected membranes that are folded into invaginations, creating complex structures with a central lumen. It has two types (SER & RER)

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20
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):

A

This type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes, that allow translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen.

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21
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):

A

This type of endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes, and is used for lipid synthesis, and detoxification of drugs, and poison. This transports proteins from RER to the Golgi apparatus.

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22
Q

Peroxisomes:

A

Have hydrogen peroxide, and it breaks down long chain fatty acids by β-oxidation.

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton:

A

This provides structure to the cell and helps it to maintain its shape. It has 3 components. (Micro-filament, microtubules, and intermediate filaments)

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24
Q

Microfilaments: (Actin Filaments)

A

This is one of the components of the cytoskeleton that is made of solid rods of actin or actin filaments that are in bundles and networks are are resistant to both compression and fractures. It provides protection for the cell. It uses ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin. It forms the cleavage furrow in mitosis.

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25
Q

Microtubules:

A

Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins, that radiate through cells, and provides pathways for motor proteins like kinesin, and dynein to carry vesicles. This is made from cilia and falgella.

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26
Q

Cilia:

A

This makes the microtubles and these are projections from a cell that are primarily involved in a movement of materials along the surface of the cell.

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27
Q

Flagella:

A

This makes the microtubles and these are structures involved in the movement of the cell itself, like sperm cells.

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28
Q

Intermediate Filaments:

A

This one of the components of the cytoskeleton and is a diverse groups of filamentous proteins including keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins. This functions in in cell-cell adhesions and maintenance of the overall integrity of cytoskeleton. It also withstand a lot of tension and makes the structure more rigid. It also anchors organelles, like the nucleus.

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29
Q

Four Type of Tissues:

A

Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, and Nervous Tissue.

30
Q

Epithelial Tissue:

A

This type of tissue covers the body and lines the cavities and protects against pathogen invasion and desiccation. These are cohesive because they are tightly joined to each other and to the basement membrane. The cells are also polarized here, one will face the lumen, and one will face the outside world. It includes an epithelia.

31
Q

Basement Membrane?

A

This is the underlying layer of connective tissues.

32
Q

Epithelia:

A

Epithelial has this. These can be classified by the number of layers they have and the shape of their cells.

33
Q

Simple Epithelia Stratified Pseudostratified Cuboidal Columnar Squamous

A

1 Layer Multi-Layer Multilayered due to differences in cell height. Cube-Like Shape. Long and thin. Flat and scale like.

34
Q

Connective Tissue:

A

Tissues that supports the body and provides framework for epithelial cells to carry out functions. It is the main contributor to stroma. This tissue produces and secretes materials such as collagen, and elastin to form extracellular matrixes.

35
Q

Stroma:

A

This is the support structure. Example: Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood, adipose tissue, and much more.

36
Q

Prokaryotes:

A

Simplest of all organisms, including archea bacteria. It does not have a nucleus, or any organelles. It has nucleoid regions, it is very diverse, and causes infections.

37
Q

Nucleoid Regions:

A

This is where the prokaryotes genetic materials are organized into. This is a single circular molecule of DNA concentrated in a certain area.

38
Q

Archaea:

A

Single cell organism that contains genes.

39
Q

How is Archaea similar to Bacteria?

A

They are similar because of similar shape, same ribosomal density, binary fission, and are found in animals.

40
Q

How is Archaea similar to Eukaryotes?

A

They are similar because they can survive harsh environments, genetically similar, and membrane lipids have ether bonds.

41
Q

Archaea are extremophiles:

A

Most commonly isolated from harsh environments with extremly high temperatures, high saltiny, and no light. They use alternate sources of energy, and can generate from inorganic compounds. They are resistant to antibiotics.

42
Q

Bacteria:

A

Contains cell membranes, cytoplasm, some have flagella or fimbriae (similar to cilia). They can be mutalistic symbiotes or can be pathogens/parasites. They are so many they outnumber plants and animals, and human cells in the body.

43
Q

Mutualistic Symbiotes:

A

Bacteria is this. This is when both humans and bacteria benefits from the relationships. Example: vitamin K, and Biotin.

44
Q

Pathogens or parasites:

A

Some bacteria are pathogens or parasites because they provide no no advantage or benefit to the host, but causes diseases.

45
Q

Three shapes of bacteria are:

A

Cocci: Spherical Bacilli: Rod-Shaped Spirilli: Spiral-Shaped

46
Q

Two types of bacteria:

A

Aerobe bacteria and Anerobe Bacteria.

47
Q

Aerobes Bacteria:

A

Bacteria that requires oxygen for metabolism.

48
Q

Anerobes Bacteria:

A

Bacteria that uses fermentation or does not require oxygen. (has three subtypes) Obligate Anerobes Facultative Anerobes Aerotolerant Anerobes:

49
Q

Prokaryote Structures:

A

Are Single-celled Organism, that have cells that are able to perform all functions that are needed for life on its own. It contains a cell wall (outer layer), and a cell membrane (made from phospholipids) that make the envelope.

50
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Wall:

A

Provides structure and controls the movement of solutes into and out of the bacterium, which will allow cells to maintain concentration gradient. 2 Types: Gram Positive and Gram Negative Has a flagella, 30s and 50s ribosome subunits.

51
Q

Gram Positive: Gram Negative:

A

Crystal Violet Strain (Dark Purple) Safranin counter stain (pink-red) Thin Layer of peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan: Polymeric substance made from amino acids and sugars.

52
Q

Flagella in Prokaryotic Cell Wall:

A

Are long whip-like structures that can be used for propulsion. It is made from filaments, basal body, and hooks. It is used to move toward food or away from toxins or immune cells. (Chemotaxis)

53
Q

Prokaryotes Multiply By:

A

Binary Fission: A simple, rapid form of asexual reproduction where chromosomes replicates, while cells grow in size, until the cell wall begins to grow inward along the midline of the cell and divides into 2 identical daughter cells.

54
Q

Prokaryotes are associated with bacterial genetic recombination that increases bacterial diversity. Three mechanisms are:

A

Transformation. Conjugation Transduction

55
Q

Four Phases of Bacterial Growth:

A

Lag Phase: bacteria adapts new local conditions. Exponential (Log) Phase: Growth increases exponentially. Stationary Phase: Growth levels are off, due to resources being reduced. Death Phase: Resources become insufficient, and bacteria undergoes this.

56
Q

Virus:

A

A tiny, organism-like particle made of protein-encased nucleic acid; viruses are obligate parasites. These lack organelles and nucleus, have genetic material, sometimes have an envelope, can reproduce on its own. These hijack a cells machinery, so it can replicate and produce virions, which will infect others and more cells.

57
Q

Virus Genetic Material can be:

A

It can single-or double, circular or linear, and DNA or RNA.

58
Q

Virus Structure:

A

Capsids Nucleic Acid Tail Sheath: Acts like a syringe and injects genetic materials into bacterium Tail Fiber: Helps the bacteriophage to recognize and connect to the correct host cell.

59
Q

Viruses sometimes have envelopes:

A

If it has an envelope it will be sensitive to heat and others, and will be easier to kill. If it doesn’t, then the envelope will be more resistant.

60
Q

Viruses sometimes have envelopes:

A

If it has an envelope it will be sensitive to heat and others, and will be easier to kill. If it doesn’t, then the envelope will be more resistant.

61
Q

Bacteriophages:

A

A virus that targets bacteria. This doesn’t enter bacteria, it only injects their genetic material. It has two life cycles: (Lytic and Lysogenic)

62
Q

Lytic Cycle:

A

When the bacteriophage makes a lot of new virions until the cell lyses. Bacteria is virulent or very toxic here.

63
Q

Lysogenic Cycle:

A

A virus that gets into the host genome as a provirus, and reproduces along with the cell, it then leaves the genome in response to a stimulus at some line and enters the lytic cycle.

64
Q

Viral Genomes:

A

This is made of various nucleic acids, which can be made from DNA or RNA and maybe single-or-double stranded. • Made from DNA or RNA and maybe single-or-double stranded.

65
Q

Viral Genomes that are single stranded RNA viruses that can be positive sense? That can be negative sense?

A

Single-stranded RNA that is positive sense is when they are translated by the host cell. Negative Sense: Complimentary strand that must be synthesized using RNA replicase which can be translated.

66
Q

Retroviruses:

A

This is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus, that carry out an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. • This synthesizes DNA from single stranded RNA ○ Example: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

67
Q

How do viruses infect other cells?

A

They infect other cells when viruses attach to specific receptors, then either fuses with the plasma membrane, being brought in by endocytosis or injecting their genome into the cell.

68
Q

How does a virus produce?

A

It produces by replicating and translating genetic material using the host’s cells ribosomes, tRNA’s, amino acids, and enzyme’s.

69
Q

Prions:

A

Infectious proteins that trigger misfolding of other proteins, by converting an C-helical structure to a B-pleated sheet. • Decreases solubility and degradability of the misfolded proteins.

70
Q

Viroid’s:

A

Plant pathogens that are small circles of complementary RNA that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural derangements of the cell or even cell death.

71
Q

Viroid’s:

A

Plant pathogens that are small circles of complementary RNA that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural derangements of the cell or even cell death.

MCAT Biology (8 decks)

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