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Biology - MCAT > Chapter 1-The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1-The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A

1) All living things are composed of cells
2) Cells arise from preexisting cells
3) Cell is the basic functional unit of life

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

True nucleus in a membrane

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3
Q

Prokarotic cells

A

No nucleus

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Aqueous component of cytoplasm

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything that spans the space behind the cell membrane

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Where genetic material (DNA) is encoded in the form of chromosomes

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7
Q

Components of nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane (envelope): Distinct environment from cytoplasm

Nuclear pores: Allow selective two-way exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus.

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8
Q

Genes

A

DNA coding regions

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9
Q

Histones

A

Linear DNA is wound around these protein complexes

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Several strands of DNA wound around histones and stacked on one another

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesized here

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power plant of the cell

Outer membrane

Inner membrane: Many foldings called cristae.

Intermembrane space: Space between the inner membrane and the matrix.

Protons are pumped here to establish the proton-motive force ultimately to produce ATP.

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13
Q

Cytoplasmis or extranuclear inheritance

A

Transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus.

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from a prokaryote.

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14
Q

Apoptosis

A

Mitochondria can release enzymes from ETC that results in programmed cell death.

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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

Have enzymes to break substrates down

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16
Q

Autolysis

A

When lysosomes release their enzymes it results in apoptosis.

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17
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Series of interconnected membranes that are actually contiguous with the nuclear envelope. The double membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is folded into numerous invaginations.

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18
Q

Rough ER

A

Contains the ribosomes necessary for translation

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons.

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modification of carbohydrates, phosphates, and sulfates.

Packaging center to be sent to other cellular locations via exocytosis.

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21
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain hydrogen peroxide which aid in the β-oxidation of fatty acids.

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22
Q

Cytoskeletons

A

Structure which helps the cell to maintain its shape

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23
Q

Microfilaments

A

Composed of actin

Use myosin to move

Make the cleavage furrow

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24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of materials between daughter cells

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25
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of tubulin proteins

Motor proteins kinesin and dynein carry vessicles

Cilia and flagella are composed of microtubules

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26
Q

Cilia – microtubules

A

Projections from a cell that move materials along the surface of a cell

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27
Q

Flagella–microtubules

A

Projections from a cells that actually move the cells

Sperm use flagella

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28
Q

9+2 structure

A

9 pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring and 2 more in the middle

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29
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Diverse group of filamentous proteins including keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins.

Many are involved in cell adhesion

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30
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

Cover the body and line its cavities, providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation.

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31
Q

Basement membrane

A

Epithelial cells connected together

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32
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional unit of an organ

Epithelial cells usually constitute the parenchyma

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33
Q

Simple epithelia

A

One layer

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34
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Multiple layers

35
Q

Pseudostratified epithelia

A

May appear to have multiple layers but really only have one

36
Q

Epithelial Shape

A

Cuboidal, columnar, or squamous

cuboidal: Cube
Columnar: Column
Squamous: Flat and scalelike

37
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their functions.

38
Q

Stroma

A

Support structure–connective tissue.

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood are all examples of connective tissues. Most cells in connective tissues produce and secrete materials such as collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix.

39
Q

Archaea

A

Single-celled organisms that are visually similar to bacteria

Extremophiles–harsh environments

Circular chromosome

Start translation with methionine, same RNA polymerases, and associate their DNA with histones.

Circular DNA but are very similar to eukaryotes

40
Q

Bacteria

A

All bacteria contain a cell membrane and cytoplasm and some have flagella or fimbriae

41
Q

Mutualistic Symbiotes

A

Gut bacteria

Both humans and bacteria benefit

42
Q

Pathogens or parasites

A

Provide no advantage or benefit to the host

Can live intracellularly (chlamydia) or outside (tetanus)

43
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical bacteria

44
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

45
Q

Spirilli

A

Spiral bacteria

46
Q

Aerobes

A

Bacteria that require oxygen for survival

47
Q

Anaerobes

A

Bacteria that do not require oxygen for survival

48
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can use oxygen if it is available otherwise doesn’t matter

49
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Unable to use oxygen

50
Q

Bacteria Structure

A

Cell wall

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Ribosome

Nucleoid region (DNA)

51
Q

Gram positive

A

Safranin is used to stain it

Gram positive: have peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

Stained purple

52
Q

Gram negative

A

Thin cell walls and has much less peptidoglycan

Have outer membranes that contain phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides–this is what causes the inflammatory immune response in humans.

53
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Ability to detect chemical stimuli and move away or toward

54
Q

Flagella

A

Filament is hollow composed of flagellin.

Basal body anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane.

Hook: Connects the filament and the basal body so that it exerts torque on the filament and can propel it forward.

55
Q

Plasmids

A

carry DNA that is not necessary for survival of the prokaryote

56
Q

Binary fission

A

Simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes

Fewer steps than mitosis–faster

57
Q

Virulence factors

A

Traits that increase how pathogenic a bacterium is such as toxin production, projections that allow bacterium to attach to certain kinds of cells, or evasion of the host’s immune system.

58
Q

Transformation

A

Results from integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome.

59
Q

Conjugation

A

Form of mating that involves two cells forming a conjugation bridge between them that allows for the transfer of genetic material.

Donor male to recipient female.

60
Q

Sex factors

A

Plasmids that bacteria must have in order for conjugation to occur

61
Q

F (fertility) factor

A

E.Coli

Bacteria possessing this plasmid are termed F+ cells; those without are called F- cells.

F+ cell replicates and gives the F copy to another copy

This may aid in the development of antiobiotic resistance

62
Q

High-frequency recombination

A

Hfr

Bacteria that attempt to transfer the whole genome to another bacteria with the F+ incorporated into the genome.

Usually is not successful

63
Q

Transduction

A

Requires a vector–a virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another.

64
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that infect bacteria can accidentally trap a segment of host DNA during assembly. This is transduction.

65
Q

Transposons

A

Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome. Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

66
Q

Growth phases

A

Lag phase–new local conditions and bacteria are adapting

Exponential phase: Colony grows exponentially (also called the log phase)

Stationary phase: Resources have become reduced and growth slows.

Death phase: Bacteria die as all resources have been depleted.

67
Q

Viruses

A

Are not living things because they do not grow, move independently, divide or metabolize

Genetic information may be circular or linear, single or double stranded

68
Q

Capsid

A

Protein cap of the virus

69
Q

Envelope

A

Sometimes present and surrounds the capsid

made of phospholipid

Sensitive to heat and detergents–viruses are easier to kill

70
Q

Host cell

A

Viruses do not have ribosomes for translation so they must hijack machinery from a host cell to carry out protein synthesis

71
Q

Virions

A

Viral progeny

72
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that specifically target bacteria

They don’t actually enter bacteria; rather, they simply inject their genetic material

They use a tail sheath which is like the syringe

Tail fibers help the bacteriophage recognize and connect to the cell

73
Q

Viral genomes

A

DNA or RNA

Linear or circular

74
Q

Positive sense (virus)

A

genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cells, just like mRNA

75
Q

Negative-sense RNA

A

Require synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to the negative sense RNA strand

Need RNA replicase

76
Q

Retroviruses

A

Enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses

77
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Synthesizes DNA from single-stranded RNA and integrates into the host cell genome as if it were the host cell’s own DNA

Only way to cure infection is to kill the cell itself

HIV

78
Q

Progeny Release

A

1) Cell death
2) cell lysis
3) Extrusion

79
Q

Extrusion

A

Allows for survival of the host cell during viral reproduction

80
Q

Lytic phase/virulent phase

A

Virus doesn’t care about the fate of cell

cell fills with virions and lyses

81
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus or prophage, which can then reproduce along with the cell. The provirus then leaves the genome in response to a stimulus at some later time and enters the lytic cycle.

82
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins and are, thus also nonliving.

Prions trigger misfolding of other proteins, usually involving the conversion of a protein from an α-helical structure to a β-pleated sheet.

83
Q

Viroids

A

Small pathogens consisting of a very short circular single-stranded RNA that infect plants.

Can silence plant genes in the genome.

Exist in humans. Hepatitis D–not harmful.

Harmful when you have hepatitis B, then it can exert its gene silencing capabilities.

Biology - MCAT (1 decks)

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