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MCAT Self Biology > Chapter 1: The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Briefly Define Organelles

A

Suspended within cell in semifluid cytosol.

In eukaryotic cells, most organelles are membrane bound

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2
Q

Define Nucleus

A

Control center of cell, contains all genetic material necessary for replication.

Surrounded by nuclear membrane (envelope)

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3
Q

Define Nucleolus

A

Location within nucleus where Ribosomal RNA synthesized

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4
Q

Mitchondria

A

“Power house” of cell for metabolic function.

Contains molecules and enzymes for ETC

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5
Q

How is mitochondria different from other organelles?

A

Mithocondria are semi-autonomous, meaning they contain their own genes, and replicate independent of nucleus via binary fission.

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6
Q

How can mitochondria kill a cell?

A

Apoptosis: mitochondira kills cell by releasing enzymes from ETC.

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7
Q

Define Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes to break down substrates

Lysosomal membrane envelopes enzyme

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8
Q

How can lysosomes kill a cell?

A

Autolysis: release of toxic enzymes results in apoptosys

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9
Q

Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes for translation of proteins

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10
Q

Define Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lipid Synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons

Transports proteins from RER to Golgi Aparatus

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11
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Accepts protein materials from SER. Modifies, repackages in vesicles.

To secrete products, secretory vesicle emerges and contents are released via exocytosis.

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12
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contains Hydrogen peroxide

Break down long chain fatty acids

Participate in synthesis of phospholipids

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13
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides structure and framework for cell

Provides median for transport within cell

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14
Q

What are the 3 components of Cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. microtubules
  3. intermediate filaments
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15
Q

Describe Microfilaments (shape and protein(s))

A

Polymerized rods of actin proteins in bundles.

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16
Q

Functions of Microfilaments (3)

A

Resist compression, give support to cell.

Actin can use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin

Participates in Cytokinesis by pinching off to form daughter cells

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17
Q

Describe Microtubules (shape and protein(s))

A

Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

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18
Q

Functions of Microtubules

A

Primary pathway for motor proteins such as Kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles

Cilia and flagella composed of microtubules

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19
Q

Define Cilia

A

projections off of the cell involved with movement across surface of the cell

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20
Q

Flagella

A

movement of the cell itself (sperm)

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21
Q

What is the “9+2” structure?

A

Cilia and flagella share the same structure composed of nine pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring, with two microtubules in the center.

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22
Q

Define Epithelial Tissue

A

Tissues composed of cells that cover the body and line its cavities to protect against invasion of pathogens

23
Q

Define Parenchyma

A

the functional part of the organ. Epithelial cells constitute the parenchyma of most organs.

24
Q

What are the three types of layers for epithilial tissue

A
  1. Simple
  2. Stratified
  3. Pseudostratified
25
Q

What are the three cell shapes of epithilial tissue

A

Cuboidal

Colomnar

Squamous

26
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Supports the body and provides framework for epithilial cells to carry out functions.

27
Q

Define Stroma and how it relates to connective tissue

A

Stroma is support structure of an organ. Connective tissues are the main contributors to the stroma of an organ.

28
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Connective tissue cells produce collagen and elastin that form the extracellular matrix.

29
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

The simplest of all organisms and include all bacteria.

30
Q

Describe genetic material in prokaryotes

A

genetic material is organized into single circular molecule of DNA in nucleoid region.

31
Q

List the three overreaching domains of which life is classified

A
  1. Archaea
  2. Bacteria
  3. Eukarya
32
Q

Describe Archaea

A

Single celled organisms that are visually similar to bacteria. but contain genes and metabolic pathways that are more similar to eukarya.

Notable for ability to use alternate forms of energy, ie: photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

33
Q

How do Archaea divide?

A

Contain a single circular chromosome and divide via binary fission.

34
Q

Archaea are resistang to many…

A

Antibiotics

35
Q

Describe Bacteria

A

Contain cell membrane and cytoplasm and some contain flagella or fimbriae.

36
Q

What does it mean for some bacteria to be mutualistic symbiotes?

A

both humans and bacteria benefit from the relationship. Ex: bacteria in human gut that produce Vit K and biotin (Vit B)

37
Q

define pathogen

A

Bactera that provide no advantage or benefit to the host and cause disease

38
Q

How are bacteria usually classified?

A

By shape

39
Q

Name the three classifications of shapes of Bacteria

A
  1. Cocci: spherical bacteria
  2. Bacilli: rod shaped
  3. spirilli: spiral shaped
40
Q

What is the difference between aerobe and anaerobes concerning bacteria.

A
  1. Obligate aerobe: bacteria require oxygen for metablolism
  2. anaerobes: bacteria that use fermentaiton or another form of metabolism
  3. Obligate anaerobes: bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen environment
  4. Faculative anaerobes: can toggle between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

5.

41
Q

What is the name given to bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism?

A

Obligate aerobe

42
Q

What is an anaerobe?

A

Bacteria that use fermentation or another form of metabolism instead of oxygen

43
Q

Bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen environment?

A

Obligate anaerobe

44
Q

Define faculative anaerobe

A

Bacteria that can toggle between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

45
Q

The name of bacteria that are anaerobic but can tolerate oxygen environments

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

46
Q

Prokaryotes are (blank) cell organisms

A

single celled organisms

47
Q

What is the main difference between prokaryotesand eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, and are single celled organisms

48
Q

Define single cell organism

A

The cell must funciton on its own without aid from other cells

49
Q

Bacteria contain a cell wall, the composition of which is different in…..

A

gram positive and gram negative bacteria

50
Q

What is gram positive concerning bacteria?

A

A type of cell wall that is determined by a gram staining process. Gram positive cell walls consist of a thick layer of peptidoglycan (made from amino acids and sugars)

51
Q

What does a gram positive cell wall contain?

A

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid.

52
Q

What does gram negative cell contain?

A

smaller amounts of pepitdoglycan, contain outter membranes containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides.

53
Q

Which gram positive and negative component triggers immune response in humans?

A

Lipoteichoic acid and Lipopolysaccharides respectively

MCAT Self Biology (1 decks)

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