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MCAT Biology > Chapter 1: The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

The four fundamental tenets of the cell theory

A

-All living things are made of cells
-Basic fundamental unit of life
-Genetic information is varied in the form of DNA and is passed from parent to daughter cell
-All cells arise from other cells

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2
Q

Functions of the nucleus (2)

A

-Stores genetic information
-Site of transcription

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3
Q

Functions of the mitochondria (2)

A

-Involved in ATP production
-Involved in apoptosis

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4
Q

-Break down cellular waste products and molecules ingested through endocytosis
-Can be involved in apoptosis

A

Functions of lysosomes

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5
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesizes proteins designed for secretion

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6
Q

Functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

-Involved in lipid synthesis
-Involved in detoxification

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7
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Packages, modifies, and distributes cellular products

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8
Q

Functions of peroxisomes (3)

A

-Break down very long chain fatty acids
-Synthesize lipids
-Contribute to the pentose phosphate pathway

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9
Q

A child is diagnosed with an enzyme deficiency that prevents the production of hydrogen peroxide. What would the likely outcome be of such a deficiency?

A
  • The inability to digest very long chain fatty acids, which would result in a buildup of peroxisomes until they displaced cellular contents, ultimately resulting in cell death
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10
Q

What protein are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin

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11
Q

What protein are microtubules composed of?

A

Tubulin

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12
Q

What proteins are intermediate filaments composed of?

A

Keratin, desmin, vimemtin, lamins

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13
Q

Centriole cytoskeletal structure

A

Nine triplets of microtubules around a hollow center

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14
Q

Flagella cytoskeletal structure

A

Nine doublets of microtubules on the outside with two microtubules on the inside

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15
Q

Tissue type of fibroblasts

A

Connective

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16
Q

Tissue type of endothelial cells

A

Epithelial

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17
Q

Tissue type of alpha cells

A

Epithelial

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18
Q

Tissue type of osteoblasts

A

Connective

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19
Q

Tissue type of chondroblasts

A

Connective

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20
Q

A unicellular or multicellular organism composed of cells that contain aa membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

A

Eukaryote

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21
Q

Cell lacking a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacterium

A

Prokaryote

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22
Q

Nucleus

A

The eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s chromosomes

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23
Q

Chromosome

A

A filamentous body found within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell or nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell, composed of DNA

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24
Q

Mitosis

A

Cellular division that results in the formation of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell

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25
Q

Nuclear pore

A

Small hole in the nuclear membrane that allows for two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and nucleus

26
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity; a region in a chromosome that codes for a specific product

27
Q

Histone

A

Organizing protein around which linear DNA is wound

28
Q

Serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of a mitochondrion

A

Outer Membrane

29
Q

Infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Cristae

30
Q

Space between the inner and outer foldings of the mitochondria

A

Intermembrane space

31
Q

The transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

A

Cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritance

32
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

33
Q

Lysosome

A

A membrane-bound organelle that stores hydrolytic enzymes

34
Q

Endosome

A

Transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from the cell membrane

35
Q

Membrane-bound channels in the cytoplasm that transport proteins and lips to various parts of the cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

36
Q

Contains ribosomes attached to the outer surface; site of protein synthesis for proteins destined to be membrane-bound or secreted

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

Location of lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

Transports materials from the endoplasmic reticulum in vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

39
Q

Method by which contents of the Golgi apparatus are released via the cell membrane

A

Exocytosis

40
Q

Organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide and participates in the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids

A

Peroxisome

41
Q

Provides structure to a cell and helps maintain its shape

A

Cytoskeleton

42
Q

Division and distribution of parent cell cytoplasm to the two new daughter cells during mitotic and meiotic cell division

A

Cytokinesis

43
Q

A ring at the site of division between two new daughter cells

A

Cleavage furrow (microfilament)

44
Q

Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

A

Microtubules

45
Q

Projections from a cell that are primarily involved in the movement of materials along the surface of a cell

A

Cilia

46
Q

Structures that are involved in the movement of a cell itself

A

Flagella

47
Q

Structure of nine pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring, with two microtubules in the center, seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility

A

9 + 2 structure

48
Q

Small organelle in the cytoplasm off of animal cells; organizes the spindle apparatus during mitosis or meiosis

A

Centriole

49
Q

Paired cylindrical organelle, located in the cytoplasm, that contains the centrioles

A

Centrosome

50
Q

A protein structure, located at the centromere, that provides a place for spindle fibers to attach to the chromosome

A

Kinetochore

51
Q

Connection of fibers that help to maintain the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton

A

Intermediate filaments

52
Q

Tissue type that covers the body and line it’s cavities, providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation

A

Epithelial

53
Q

Underlying layer of connective tissue to which epithelial cells are tightly attached

A

Basement membrane

54
Q

Functional tissue of an organ consisting of epithelial cells

A

Parenchyma

55
Q

Simple

A

Epithelia consisting of one layer of cells

56
Q

Epithelia consisting of multiple layers

A

Stratified

57
Q

Epithelia that appears to have multiple layers due to differences in cell height, however have only one true layer

A

Pseudostratified

58
Q

Cuboidal cell shape

A

Cube

59
Q

Columnar cell shape

A

Long and thin

60
Q

Squamous cell shape

A

Flat and scale-like

61
Q

Animal tissue composed of cells lying in an extracurricular proteinaceous network that supports, connects, and surrounds the organs and structures of the body

A

Connective

62
Q

Support structures by which connective tissues are the main contributor

A

Stroma

MCAT Biology (1 decks)

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