Chapter 1: The Body Flashcards
Homeostasis
Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Physiology
The study of body function and/or the normal functions of an organism
Anatomy
The bodily structure of an organism
Chemical Level
Atoms combine to form molecules
Cell Level
Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells and the basic and functional units of an organism
Tissue Level
Groups of similar cells that have a common function and perform those special functions
Organ Level
One or more tissues functioning together and have specific functions
Organ System Level
Organs that are related to each other working together to accomplish a common function
Organism Level
A human is an organism and is made up of organ systems
Integumentary System
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
Nervous System
the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. Reacts to internal and external changes. It has the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. It has the sex organs, thyroid gland, thymus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, adrenal gland, and pancreas
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Has the blood vessels and heart.
Lymphatic System
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, lymphatic nodes, and organs (like the spleen). Provides defense against infection.
Respiratory System
Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. Has the lung, larynx, trachea, bronchus, nasal cavity, and the pharynx.
Digestive System
Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body. Has the liver, anus, rectum, intestines, and esophagus.
Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Urethra, urinary bladder, kidney, and ureter.
Male Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Female Reproductive System
Produces eggs for reproduction in the ovaries and provides place for growing baby.
Organ System Interrelationships
-All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
-Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
Survival Needs
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
Negative Feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract or decrease the output of the change. Maintains a steady state.
Components of a Control Mechanism (Receptor)
monitors environment and responds to stimuli
