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Biology 111 > Chapter 1: The Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Body Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

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2
Q

Physiology

A

The study of body function and/or the normal functions of an organism

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

The bodily structure of an organism

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4
Q

Chemical Level

A

Atoms combine to form molecules

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5
Q

Cell Level

A

Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells and the basic and functional units of an organism

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6
Q

Tissue Level

A

Groups of similar cells that have a common function and perform those special functions

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7
Q

Organ Level

A

One or more tissues functioning together and have specific functions

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8
Q

Organ System Level

A

Organs that are related to each other working together to accomplish a common function

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9
Q

Organism Level

A

A human is an organism and is made up of organ systems

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10
Q

Integumentary System

A

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands

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11
Q

Skeletal System

A

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

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12
Q

Nervous System

A

the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. Reacts to internal and external changes. It has the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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13
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. It has the sex organs, thyroid gland, thymus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, adrenal gland, and pancreas

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14
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Has the blood vessels and heart.

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15
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, lymphatic nodes, and organs (like the spleen). Provides defense against infection.

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16
Q

Respiratory System

A

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. Has the lung, larynx, trachea, bronchus, nasal cavity, and the pharynx.

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17
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body. Has the liver, anus, rectum, intestines, and esophagus.

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18
Q

Urinary System

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Urethra, urinary bladder, kidney, and ureter.

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19
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.

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20
Q

Female Reproductive System

A

Produces eggs for reproduction in the ovaries and provides place for growing baby.

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21
Q

Organ System Interrelationships

A

-All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

-Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

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22
Q

Survival Needs

A

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

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23
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract or decrease the output of the change. Maintains a steady state.

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24
Q

Components of a Control Mechanism (Receptor)

A

monitors environment and responds to stimuli

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25
Q

Components of a Control Mechanism (Control Center (Brain))

A

Determines set point at which variable is maintained

Receives input from receptor

Determines appropriate response

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26
Q

Components of a Control Mechanism (Effector)

A

Receives output from control center

Provides the means to respond

Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)

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27
Q

Muscular System

A

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

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28
Q

Necessary Life Functions (Maintaining Boundaries)

A

Separation between internal and external environments must exist

Plasma membranes separate cells

Skin separates organism from environment

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29
Q

Necessary Life Functions (Responsiveness)

A

ability to sense and respond to stimuli

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30
Q

Necessary Life Functions (Digestion)

A

Breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

31
Q

Necessary Life Functions (Metabolism)

A

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells

Catabolism and anabolism

32
Q

Catabolism

A

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

33
Q

Anabolism

A

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

34
Q

Necessary Life Functions (Excretion)

A

Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Urea, carbon dioxide, feces

35
Q

Necessary Life Functions (Reproduction)

A

Cellular division for growth or repair

Production of offspring

36
Q

Necessary Life Functions (Growth)

A

Increase in size of a body part or of organism

37
Q

Cephalic

A
  • Frontal (Forehead)
  • Orbital (Eyes)
  • Nasal (Nose)
  • Oral (Mouth)
  • Mental (Chin)
38
Q

Thoracic

A
  • Axillary (around where the armpits are, between nipples and brachial/arm)
  • Mammary (Nipples)
  • Sternal (Mid Chest)
39
Q

Abdominal

A

Umbilical (Belly button)

40
Q

Pelvic

A
  • Inguinal (Groin; above the genital area)
41
Q

Pubic

A
  • Genital Area
42
Q

Upper Limb

A

(In Order)

  • Acromial (top of shoulder)
  • Brachial (arm)
  • Antecubital (where it bends in front of the elbow)
  • Carpal (wrist, like carpal tunnel)
43
Q

Manus

A

(In Order)

  • Palmar (Palm)
  • Pollex (end of thumb where it connects to the wrist)
  • Digital (Fingers)
44
Q

Lower Limb

A

(In Order)

  • Coxal (Hip)
  • Femoral (Thigh)
  • Patellar (knee)
  • Crural (Leg)
  • Fibular or Peroneal (above the ankle)
45
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

46
Q

Pedal or Foot

A

(In Order)

  • Tarsal (Ankle)
  • Metatarsal (top of foot between ankle and toes, if you touch it you can feel the muscles going to your toes)
  • Digital (Smaller toes or pinky toe)
  • Hallux (Big toe)
47
Q

Anatomical Position

A

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

48
Q

Anatomical Regions

A

Two major divisions: Axial (head, neck, and trunk) and Appendicular (Limbs)

49
Q

Anatomical Cavities

A

Dorsal, thoracic, abdominopelvic

50
Q

Midline

A

An imaginary vertical line that divides the body equally (right down the middle)

51
Q

Supine

A

lying on the back; face up

52
Q

Superior

A

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

53
Q

Inferior

A

Lower on the body, farther from the head

54
Q

Anterior

A

front of the body

55
Q

Posterior

A

back of body

56
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

57
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

58
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

59
Q

Distal

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

60
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

61
Q

Transverse Plane

A

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

62
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divides the body into front and back portions.

63
Q

Superficial

A

Near the surface towards the skin

64
Q

Deep

A

Away from the body surface; more internal

65
Q

Ventral

A

Pertaining to the abdomen or to any venter

66
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back

67
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Cavity housing lungs and heart

68
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

69
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

70
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Carries the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

71
Q

Cervical

A

Relating to the top part of the spine that is composed of the seven vertebrae of the neck and the disks that separate them.

72
Q

Occipital

A

back of head

73
Q

Lumbar

A

Pertaining to the part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis.

Biology 111 (1 decks)

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