Chapter 1 (The Big Picture Of The 5 Theories)

Question 1

What does Psychodynamic Theory Mean?

Answer 1

Development is determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages.

Question 2

What is an example of the Psychodynamic Theory?

Answer 2

Erickson’s Psychosocial theory.

Question 3

What forces are within Psychodynamic ?

Answer 3

Psychological, social, and lifecycle forces.

Question 4

What were the positions on developmental issues within Psychodynamic?

Answer 4

Nature-Nurture interaction, discontinuity, and universal sequence.

Question 5

What is Behaviorism?

Answer 5

Based on a outcome and interactions within the environment.

Question 6

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 6

Consequences of a behavior determines whether it is repeated in the future or not.

Question 7

What does both, positive and negative reinforcement do?

Answer 7

Increases the chance that a behavior will be repeated.

Question 8

What does a punishment do?

Answer 8

Decreases the chance that a behavior will be repeated.

Question 9

What is social learning theory?

Answer 9

People learn by watching others. Imitation happens through observation. Imitation mostly happens when awarded for their behavior.

Question 10

What is Cognitive Developmental Theory? How many approaches are there?

Answer 10

How people think and develop overtime. 3 approaches.

Question 11

What are the 3 approaches from Cognitive-Developmental Theory?

Answer 11

1.) Piaget: we develop in 4 discrete stages
2.) Information-Processing theory, like computers, we process information more efficient as we mature.
3.) Vygotsky: The social cultural expectations on thinking and cognitive growth.

Question 12

What is Information-Processing Theory mean? What does Mental hardware mean? Mental Software?

Answer 12

Uses the computer as an example of how thinking develops.

Mental Hardware = Memory capacity

Mental Software = Cognitive process

Question 13

What does Vygotsky’s Theory mean?

Answer 13

That because all societies aim to help children acquire essential cultural values and skills, every aspect of a child’s development must be considered against this back drop.

Question 14

What does the Ecological and Systems Approach mean?

Answer 14

Human Development is inseparable from the environment context.
Consider all factors; environment, family, political, social, etc. And how they interact.

Question 15

What does Bronfenbrenner’s Theory mean?

Answer 15

The developing person is embedded into a series of complex and interactive systems.

Question 16

What are the 4 approaches towards Bronfrenbrenner’s Theory? What do they mean?

Answer 16

Microsystem: People and objects in the immediate environment.
Mesosytem: Influences of Microsystems on each other.
Exosystem: Social, environmental, governmental forces.
Macrosystem: Subcultures and cultures in which the other three systems are embedded.

Question 17

Who where the theorist who made the Competence-Environmental Press Theory?

Answer 17

Lawton and Nahemow

Question 18

What does the Competence-Environmental Press Theory Mean?

Answer 18

People adapt most effectively when their abilities match the environment press, or demands put on them by the environment.

Question 19

What does Life-Span Perspective mean?

Answer 19

Aging is a lifelong process from conception to death, many factors influence development, no 1 factor explains it all.

Question 20

What are the 4 key factors of Life-Span Perspective?

Answer 20

Multidirectionality
Plasticity
Historical Context
Multiple Causation
(Mom, Please, Help Cook, My Chicken.)

Question 21

Multidirectionality (Mom) is a key feature within Life-Span Perspective, What does it mean?

Answer 21

Involves both growth and decline. Example: People’s Vocabulary increases but memory skills weaken.

Question 22

Plasticity (Please) Is a key feature of Life-Span Perspective, what does it mean?

Answer 22

One’s capacity is not predetermined, many skills can be learned/improved.

Question 23

Historical Context (Help Cook) is a feature of Life-Span Perspective, what does it mean?

Answer 23

Determined by historical time in which we were born in and culture.

Question 24

Multiple causation (Me Cook) is a key factor in Life-Span Perspective, what does it mean?

Answer 24

Development reflects the biological, psychological, socio cultural, and life-cycle forces.

Question 25

What does Life-Course Perspective Mean?

Answer 25

Different generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their historical context.

Question 26

What are the 3 Key Features of the Life-Course Perspective?

Answer 26

(I snooze time)
1.) Individual Timing of life events in relation to historical events. (I)

2.) Synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones. (How do people balance their own lives with those of their family). (Snooze)

3.) The impact of earlier life events, shaped by historical events, and subsequent ones. (Time).

Question 27

What is an example of the Learning Theory? Who is the theorist of that theory?

Answer 27

Behaviorism from Watson Skinner.

Question 28

What is the main idea of the Learning Theory?

Answer 28

Environment controls behavior.

Question 29

What is an example theory of Cognitive theory? Who is the theorist?

Answer 29

Piaget’s Theory, the 4 main sequences of stages of cognitive development.