Chapter 1 (The Big Picture Of The 5 Theories) Flashcards
What does Psychodynamic Theory Mean?
Development is determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages.
What is an example of the Psychodynamic Theory?
Erickson’s Psychosocial theory.
What forces are within Psychodynamic ?
Psychological, social, and lifecycle forces.
What were the positions on developmental issues within Psychodynamic?
Nature-Nurture interaction, discontinuity, and universal sequence.
What is Behaviorism?
Based on a outcome and interactions within the environment.
What is operant conditioning?
Consequences of a behavior determines whether it is repeated in the future or not.
What does both, positive and negative reinforcement do?
Increases the chance that a behavior will be repeated.
What does a punishment do?
Decreases the chance that a behavior will be repeated.
What is social learning theory?
People learn by watching others. Imitation happens through observation. Imitation mostly happens when awarded for their behavior.
What is Cognitive Developmental Theory? How many approaches are there?
How people think and develop overtime. 3 approaches.
What are the 3 approaches from Cognitive-Developmental Theory?
1.) Piaget: we develop in 4 discrete stages
2.) Information-Processing theory, like computers, we process information more efficient as we mature.
3.) Vygotsky: The social cultural expectations on thinking and cognitive growth.
What is Information-Processing Theory mean? What does Mental hardware mean? Mental Software?
Uses the computer as an example of how thinking develops.
Mental Hardware = Memory capacity
Mental Software = Cognitive process
What does Vygotsky’s Theory mean?
That because all societies aim to help children acquire essential cultural values and skills, every aspect of a child’s development must be considered against this back drop.
What does the Ecological and Systems Approach mean?
Human Development is inseparable from the environment context.
Consider all factors; environment, family, political, social, etc. And how they interact.
What does Bronfenbrenner’s Theory mean?
The developing person is embedded into a series of complex and interactive systems.
What are the 4 approaches towards Bronfrenbrenner’s Theory? What do they mean?
Microsystem: People and objects in the immediate environment.
Mesosytem: Influences of Microsystems on each other.
Exosystem: Social, environmental, governmental forces.
Macrosystem: Subcultures and cultures in which the other three systems are embedded.
Who where the theorist who made the Competence-Environmental Press Theory?
Lawton and Nahemow
What does the Competence-Environmental Press Theory Mean?
People adapt most effectively when their abilities match the environment press, or demands put on them by the environment.
What does Life-Span Perspective mean?
Aging is a lifelong process from conception to death, many factors influence development, no 1 factor explains it all.
What are the 4 key factors of Life-Span Perspective?
Multidirectionality
Plasticity
Historical Context
Multiple Causation
(Mom, Please, Help Cook, My Chicken.)
Multidirectionality (Mom) is a key feature within Life-Span Perspective, What does it mean?
Involves both growth and decline. Example: People’s Vocabulary increases but memory skills weaken.
Plasticity (Please) Is a key feature of Life-Span Perspective, what does it mean?
One’s capacity is not predetermined, many skills can be learned/improved.
Historical Context (Help Cook) is a feature of Life-Span Perspective, what does it mean?
Determined by historical time in which we were born in and culture.
Multiple causation (Me Cook) is a key factor in Life-Span Perspective, what does it mean?
Development reflects the biological, psychological, socio cultural, and life-cycle forces.
What does Life-Course Perspective Mean?
Different generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their historical context.
What are the 3 Key Features of the Life-Course Perspective?
(I snooze time)
1.) Individual Timing of life events in relation to historical events. (I)
2.) Synchronization of individual transitions with collective familial ones. (How do people balance their own lives with those of their family). (Snooze)
3.) The impact of earlier life events, shaped by historical events, and subsequent ones. (Time).
What is an example of the Learning Theory? Who is the theorist of that theory?
Behaviorism from Watson Skinner.
What is the main idea of the Learning Theory?
Environment controls behavior.
What is an example theory of Cognitive theory? Who is the theorist?
Piaget’s Theory, the 4 main sequences of stages of cognitive development.
