Chapter 1 Textbook

Question 1

At what age do half of mental disorders begin by?

Answer 1

14

Question 2

What is the proportion of Canadians who have symptoms consistent with diagnosis of mental disorder?

Answer 2

1/10

Question 3

What is MHCC? and what are 2 clear messages that they are trying to send out?

Answer 3

MHCC –> Mental Health Commission of Canada
1. people suffering from mental health have the right to receive services and supports they need
people suffering from mental health have the right to be treated with same dignity and respect as those struggling to recover from any kind of illness

Question 4

What are the three things that clinical psychology focuses on doing? What is it shifting towards now-a-days?

Answer 4

Mainly focusing (and still is) on assessment, evaluation and diagnosis but also is shifting towards focusing on intervention and prevention services as well as indirect services like pamphlets, consultation activities, program evaluation..etc..

Question 5

What are 4 critics in using a science-based approach to clinical psychology?

Answer 5

1. Group based data cannot be used in working an individual (hard to transfer group data onto an individual)
2. Clients have problems in the NOW and we cannot afford to wait for the research
3. Each individual’s unique constellation of life experiences, culture, and societal context makes it unlikely that a general psychological principle can ever provide much useful guidance in alleviating emotional distress or interpersonal conflict (one overlying principle can’t be helpful in treating a specific, unique individual)
4. There is no research evidence on how to understand or treat many of the human problems confronted by clinical psychologists on a daily basis

Question 6

Who is Richard McFall? What is the book he wrote?

Answer 6

He is an individual who has a strong belief in using scientific evidence in all forms of therapy and clinical application. He wrote the book called Manifesto for a Science of Clinical Psychology

Question 7

What is McFall’s Cardinal Principle in his book?

Answer 7

Scientific Clinical psychology is the only legitimate and acceptable form of clinical psychology

Question 8

What is McFall’s first Corollary?

Answer 8

Psychological services should not be administered to the public (except under strict experimental conditions) until they have met the following 4 minimal criteria:

1. The exact nature of the service must be described clearly
2. the claimed benefits of the service must be stated explicitly
3. These claimed benefits must be validated scientifically
4. Possible negative side-effects that might outweighs any benefits must be ruled out empirically

Question 9

What was McFall’s Second Corollary?

Answer 9

The primary and overriding objective of doctoral programs in clinical psychology must be to produce the most competent clinical scientists possible

Question 10

What are 2 features of an Evidence-Based Practice?

Answer 10

1. requires the clinician to synthesize info drawn from research and systematically collected data on the patient in question, professional experience and patient’s preferences when considering health care options
2. Emphasizes the importance of the patients based on best available research evidence about viable options for assessment, prevention or intervention services

Question 11

What two things must a health care professional know when practising Evidence based practice?

Answer 11

a health care professional MUST be familiar with the current scientific literature and MUST use both the research evidence and scientifically informed decision making skills to determine ways in which research evidence can inform service planning for a patient

Question 12

What is counselling psychology?

Answer 12

Counselling psychology focuses on the emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns as they promote personal and interpersonal functioning throughout life. Always sensitive to multicultural issues, counselling psychologists integrate theory, research and practice, to help people improve their well being, alleviate distress and maladjustment, resolve crisis, and increase their ability to live more highly functioning lives. Counselling psychologists usually deal with reasonably well-adjusted people, however, they can also aid those with mental dysfunctions.

Question 13

What is the difference between counselling and clinical psychologists?

Answer 13

• Counselling psychologists mainly work in schools or educational settings or workplaces, while clinical psychologists work in psychiatric wards, hospitals or private practice
• counselling psychology also focuses on research but it is aimed at minor adjustment and academic/vocational(occupational) issues
• Clinical psychologists are trained to mainly deal with individuals who have more severe mental disorders than counselling psychologists.

Question 14

What is a school Psychologist?

Answer 14

individuals who have training in both psychology and education

• Involves assessment of intellectual functioning, evaluation of learning difficulties and consultation with teachers, students and parents about strategies for optimizing student’s learning potential
• Recently the role of school psychologists includes attention to social, emotional, and medical factors in a context of learning and development
• they diagnose a range of disorders of childhood and adolescence as well as programs to assist student learning
• also focus on prevention programs like anti bullying

Question 15

What are some overlaps and differences between school psychologists and child psychologists?

Answer 15

Child clinical psychologists focuses more not treatment of diagnosable mental disorders in children

Question 16

What are two differences between psychiatry and psychology training

Answer 16

1. Psychiatric training deals with physiological and biochemical systems and emphasize biological functioning an abnormalities. their training involves less focus on research than psychology
2. psychiatry training emphasizes psychopharmacological treatment over psychological treatment because they have less training in the use of scientifically based psychological assessment and psychotherapy

Question 17

What is the role of clinical social workers?

Answer 17

they do things like policy development, program planning, program management, research consultation, case management, discharge planning, counselling, therapy and advocacy

• they can work anywhere
• social workers who are in a mental health team are usually the case managers who coordinate services with a range of social and community agencies..etc..

Question 18

What are psychiatric nurses?

Answer 18

professionals who offer services individuals whose primary care needs relate to mental and developmental health.. they mainly manage administrative matters in inpatient settings, provide psychoeducation and supervises volunteers

Question 19

What is the role of youth and care workers?

Answer 19

deal with children or adolescents with emotional and behavioural problems and have the least training

Question 20

What is the general psychologist/psychiatrist trend among countries?

Answer 20

There are more psychologists than psychiatrists in Germany, Canada, US, New Zealand, and Ireland and UK has the same proportion of psychologist to psychiatrist

Question 21

What was significant about hippocrates’ hypothesis of psychological disorders?

Answer 21

in 500-200BC, he emphasized biopsychosocial model which is that physical and psychological disorders involved aspects of biological, psychological and social influences on health and illness
- he came up with a ‘bodily fluid’ theory which stated that imbalances in the levels of blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm are responsible for emotional disorders

Question 22

What did Aristotle and Plato theorize about mental Illness?

Answer 22

Aristotle emphasized biological determinants of mental disorders
plato emphasized the role of societal forces and psychological needs in the development and alleviation of mental disorders

Question 23

Who is St. Vincent De Paul and what did he theorize about mental illness and when?

Answer 23

in late 1500s

he emphasized that mental and physical illnesses were caused by natural forces and that psychotic behaviour was not caused by witchcraft or satanic possession

Question 24

What was significant about Phillpe Pinel and William Duke and Benjamin Rush’s views on mental illness in late 1700s (renascence)?

Answer 24

Philip Pinel was in France and he claimed to remove all chains from patients and to treat patients who are in mental hospitals humanely

In England William Duke, advocated the development of hospitals that are based on modern ideas of modern care and allowed patients to live and work

In USA, Benjamine Rush, promoted the use of moral therapy with mentally ill and compassion and patiences rather than physical punishment and restraints

Question 25

What studies were being conducted around late 1800s in England, Germany and USA and by who?

Answer 25

Francis Galton in England was studying individual differences among people in terms of motor skills and reaction and using it to figure out intelligence levels

Wilhem Wundt in Germany studied sensation and perception and established the first psychology lab and advocated psychology as the study of HUMAn experience

James McKeen Cattle in the USA focused on scientific connection between reaction time and intelligence and counted the word ‘mental tests’

Question 26

Who is Emil Kraeplin and what was his contribution to psychology assessment?

Answer 26

Stated that mental disorders were due to biological factors. He came up with a scientifically based classification system for treatment purposes

He looked at how symptoms manifested in individuals and then classified a disorder based on the shared symptoms… he called the groups of symptoms that frequently co-occured SYNDROMES and his classification system was based on how these syndromes related to and differed from one another

He had a lot of good contribution to schizophrenia

Question 27

What was an issue with Kraeplin’s work?

Answer 27

inconsistency between disorders in terms of when the symptoms first occur and the manner in which the disorder progressed differed between individuals

Question 28

Who is Alfred Binet and what was his contribution to psychology assessment?

Answer 28

Based in France and his work included intelligence testing for children who have limited cognitive abilities to change the educational system

he came up with the Simon-Binet classification system in 1908 that consisted of many tests of mental skill that were administered to children ages 3 to 13.

Important part of Binet’s tests were the fact that the results were compared to a norm in order to understand the individual child’s cognitive abilities and importance of standardization in psychological tests

Question 29

When the American Psychological Association establish?

Answer 29

in 1892

Question 30

What was the method used to classify men in WW1 in terms of mental function by the APA?

Answer 30

APA came up with measurements called Army Alpha test and Army Beta test

Army alpha test was used to test verbal mental abilities

Army beta test was used to test non0verbal mental abilities

both were tested in group format

Question 31

When was clinical psychology as a discipline officially recognized?

Answer 31

in 1919 by APA

Question 32

Who is David Weschler and what was his contribution to psychology assessment?

Answer 32

in 1939 he created the Weschler-Bellevue test and many others examining children and adult’s cognitive abilities

His most commonly used test is the Weschler Memory Scale

Question 33

What type of psychological assessment and category of assessment was on the rise around 1930’s?

Answer 33

emergence of projective tests to evaluate personality and psychological functioning like Rorschach test and House-Tree-Person test, and the Thematic Apperception test (TAT) by Murray and Morgan (a projective test designed to reveal a person’s social drives or needs by their interpretation of a series of pictures of emotionally ambiguous situations.)

Question 34

What are problems with projective tests?

Answer 34

They lack scientific evidence and research to prove the validity and reliability of these examinations

Question 35

What is the MMPI when was it invented? what was it invented to do? and who invented it?

Answer 35

The MMPI is the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory, and it was invented by Hathaway in 1943 to provide an easily administered test that could effectively screen for psychological disturbances among adults in the realm of personality.

Its different from projective tests because it relies on statistical analysis and is not subject to the psychologists opinions as much (has more inter-rater agreeability)

Question 36

Who is Paul Meehl and what was his theory on assessment?

Answer 36

Paul Meehl (1954) was a strong advocate of statistical analysis over clinical analysis
stat analysis included things like basic demographic information like age gender and health info and data from standardized tests which were entered into statistical equations to yield descriptions and predictions.

Question 37

What did Mischel’s work in 1968 illustrate about personality traits?

Answer 37

illustrated that personality traits had more to do with how a person was viewed by others than with what the person actually did

Question 38

what did research on the validity of personality traits show?

Answer 38

that personality traits yielded results in moderate strength (which means that someones personality didn’t really say much about their future actions)

Question 39

What kind of psychological assessment was on the high in 1960s and 1970s?

Answer 39

behavioural assessments gathering clinical data because they had obvious and immediate value in planning and evaluation of treatment strategies

Question 40

When did the DSM 3 Come out? what was it mainly based on?

Answer 40

came out in the 1980s and was mainly a systematic way of diagnosing disorders so that different psychologists wouldn’t diagnose the same person with multiple disorders

Question 41

What are the three changes to psychological assessments in the past 30 years?

Answer 41

1. Ways in obtaining data though assessment have to include: multiple methods, and multiple informants (people other than the client)
2. Recognition that best practices in assessment should be based on assessment methods and measures that have solid scientific support
3. Increased attention to the relevance of assessment data for treatment planning and treatment evaluation

Question 42

What are two issues involving the relevance of assessment?

Answer 42

1. Clinical utility: how significant the assessment is to providing information that leads to clinical outcome that is better
2. Service Evaluation: activities designed to examine whether or not services work… practices require measures that focus on specific problems or strengths, be brief and be amendable to repeated use

Question 43

Who started clinical intervention wave and when?

Answer 43

Freud in 1900s started the psychodynamic treatment in Europe and spread to North America

his main focus was unconscious thought and people’s failure in using defence mechanisms to hide negative thoughts

the goal of his psychotherapy was so that the person can gain insight into the origins of his or her problems

Question 44

Who is Carl Rogers and what was his contribution to intervention in psychology?

Answer 44

He had a book called counselling and psychotherapy and worked on a more humanistic approach and was rooted in an assumption that people were inherently capable of developing in a positive and healthy manner
The primary goal of his therapy was to provide a supportive environment in which clients could reconnect with their emotions, losses and aspirations and in the process discover their true potential for growth

His therapy was called person-cantered therapy/client-centered therapy

Question 45

What did Hans Eysenck’s research show on the use of psychodynamic therapy?

Answer 45

in 1952 he argued that the rates of improvement among clients receiving either psychodynamic/eclectic therapy were compared to the rates of remission of symptoms among clients receiving no therapy and claimed that forms of psychotherapy had no evidence in working or providing any demonstrable effect

his review lead efforts to establish treatments directly connected to psychology’s empirically deprived knowledge

Question 46

In 1960s and 1970s what was an important contribution from Ellis and Berne?

Answer 46

Rational Emotive Therapy from Ellis and Transactional Analysis from Berne which were aimed at enhancing personal growth and development and using it to treat psychopathology

Question 47

What are two influential books in CBT?

Answer 47

1. Leichenbaum’s cognitive behavioural modification: An integrative approach (1977) and the first comprehensive treatment manual by Beck titled “cognitive therapy of depression: A treatment manual”

Question 48

What did the 1980 Meta analysis show about overall treatment outcome of psychotherapy?

Answer 48

primary finding was that psychotherapy was clearly effective w/average of 80% better off after therapy

Question 49

What did the meta-analysis in 1980 tells us about the efficacy of psychotherapy?

Answer 49

(ability to get the job done satisfactorily)

found that there was general equivalence across divergent forms of psychotherapy, but some therapies were superior to others for specific disorders and clinical problems

Question 50

What are some ways of prevention in clinical psychology?

Answer 50

very recent and plays important role in public health initiatives to change lifestyle related illnesses
also promotes psychological oping skills that can be used to maintain good mental health