chapter 1 test review Flashcards
artifacts
human made objects
help find out about what happened in the past, how people dressed, what work they did, or how they worshiped
ex: jewelry and tools
culture
peoples unique way of life
artifacts help discover culture from the past
delta
a big, marshy, triangular area of land formed my deposits of silt at the mouth of the river.
narmer
one out of the two kings who could have united upper and lower Egypt.
pharaoh
egyptian kings that were viewed as Gods
Theocracy
government in which the rule is based on religion.
pyramid
immense structure to rest after death.
mummification
Embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying.
hieroglyphic
This is simple pictographs that scribes made simpler.
papyrus
A better writing surface the Egyptians made for hieroglyphics.
fertile crescent
an arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea.
Mesopotamia
The name comes from a Greek word meaning “between rivers,” referring to the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but the region can be broadly defined to include the area that is now eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and most of Iraq.
dynasty
a series of rulers from a single family
city state
a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit.
cultural diffusion
the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another.
polytheism
the worshiping of multiple gods
empire
a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler.
Hammurabi
A Babylonian ruler who’s most enduring legacy is the code of laws he put together.
Which of the Egyptian achievements do you consider the most important?
Some of the most important achievements were architecture such as the pyramids and Valley of Kings, as well as the temples.
Describe the key geographic features of the Egyptian civilization. How did being surrounded by deserts benefit Egypt?
Being surrounded by deserts protected Egyptian civilization from outside invaders and allowed them to develop a unique culture.
Discuss the role of pharaoh within Egyptian society. How did the Egyptians view the pharaoh?
They believed their pharaoh to be the mediator between the gods and the world of men.
Nomad
A person who has no solid home and is constantly moving.
hunter-gatherer
People who don’t have a source of food and rely on hunting animals and gathering plants and other resources of nature.
Neolithic Revolution
The critical transition of human behavior from hunting and gathering to farming
slash-and-burn farming
A turning point early technique used by early civilizations for a steady use of food.
Domestication
A process used for a steady food source of meet and other resources from animals that was a huge cycle due to reproduction.
Which effect of the development of agriculture
do you think was the most significant? Explain.
I would say the change from hunters and gathers to being able to farm and domesticate animals because without spending time on food sources they had time to do many other things to do with their time.
How did Cro-Magnon’s new tools make survival easier?
They made spears and digging holes which made finding and killing food much easier which then made their chances of survival better because their chances of getting food was higher.
What factors played a role in the origins of agriculture?
The rise in temperatures where a main role in the origins because it created a longer growing season and was the main reason for a shift in human behavior.
What were the first crops grown in the Americas?
In the Americas the first crops where corn, beans and squash.
pre-history
the period before written records.
Paleolithic Age
It was relating to or denoting the early phase of the Stone Age and lasted about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used.
Neolithic Age
It related to or denoted the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.
characteristics of western civilization
rational thinking, democracy, individualism, human rights, etc.
Why did Egyptians mummify bodies?
Egyptians believed that the body was the home for the soul and to keep the soul the home of it had to be intact.
western civilization
Western civilization refers to the art, literature, culture, and enduring ideas that emerged from the eastern Mediterranean basin in the centuries before the common era, that developed in myriad forms through the Middle Ages
homind
any of a family (Hominidae) of erect bipedal primate mammals that includes recent humans together with extinct ancestral and related forms and in some recent classifications the great apes (the orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo)
technology
the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area : ENGINEERING sense 2
homo sapiens
recent humans
civilization
the stage of human social and cultural development and organization that is considered most advanced
specialization
the process of concentrating on and becoming expert in a particular subject or skill.
“the division and specialization of labor”
artisan
a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.
“street markets where local artisans display handwoven textiles, painted ceramics, and leather goods”
institution
a society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose
scribe
a person who copies out documents, especially one employed to do this before printing was invented.
cuneiform
denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets.
bronze age
a prehistoric period that followed the Stone Age and preceded the Iron Age, when certain weapons and tools came to be made of bronze rather than stone.
barter
exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money.
“he often bartered a meal for drawings”
ziggurat
(in ancient Mesopotamia) a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel (Gen. 11:1–9)
What regions of the world are considered “Western” today?
USA, Canada European countries, Australia, and New Zealand.
Identify and explain the three main components of culture. Describe how culture is learned
- common practices: what people eat, clothing, sports, work
- shared understandings: language, symbols, values, political beliefs
- social organizations: family, class and caste structure, government, view of authority
Learned in two ways- observing and imitating the behavior of the people in the society, or people in the society will directly teach one another through written language or spoken
Describe the impact of the neolithic revolution on the transition from hunter-gatherers to permanent settlement to civilization
This impact resulted in the birth of agriculture, taking Homo sapiens from scattered groups of hunter-gatherers to farming villages and from there to technologically sophisticated societies with great temples and towers and kings and priests
Who was the first “pharaoh”? Explain why historians believe that this unique position was the key to Egyptian progress and success. (Textbook Chapter 2 Section 2
Narmer, also known as Menes, was the first pharaoh. The pharaoh was considered the divine intermediary between the gods and Egyptians.
Detail the progression of hominid development from Australopithecines to Cro-Magnon. How did Neanderthals and Cro-magnons differ from early people?
- Australopithecines- 4 million to 1 million B.C., found in southern and eastern Africa, brain size 500 cm3 (cubic centimeters), first humanlike creature to walk upright
-Cro Magnon- 40,000 to 8000 B.C., , brain size 1,400 cm3, fully modern humans, created art
Neanderthals were not ancestors of modern humans. They were affected by the arrival of Cro-Magnons and they also had larger brain sizes.
Identify and explain the five characteristics associated with civilization.
Advanced cities- Cities were the birthplace of most firstborn citizens. An example is large trade centers in advanced cities.
specialized workers- As cities grew, they needed more specialized workers. The development of skills in a specific kind of work.
complex institutions- The souring populations of early cities made government, or a system of ruling, necessary.
record keeping- Everyone needs to keep records. Most civilizations developed a system of writing, though some devised other methods of record keeping.
advanced technology- Cities were the birthplace of most firstborn citizens. An example is large trade centers in advanced cities.
Identify and describe the key geographic and cultural features of the Mesopotamian civilization.
Mesopotamia refers to the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which flow down from the Taurus Mountains. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert in the north which gives way to a 5,800 sq mile region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south.
