chapter 1 test review

Question 1

artifacts

Answer 1

human made objects
help find out about what happened in the past, how people dressed, what work they did, or how they worshiped
ex: jewelry and tools

Question 2

culture

Answer 2

peoples unique way of life

artifacts help discover culture from the past

Question 3

delta

Answer 3

a big, marshy, triangular area of land formed my deposits of silt at the mouth of the river.

Question 4

narmer

Answer 4

one out of the two kings who could have united upper and lower Egypt.

Question 5

pharaoh

Answer 5

egyptian kings that were viewed as Gods

Question 6

Theocracy

Answer 6

government in which the rule is based on religion.

Question 7

pyramid

Answer 7

immense structure to rest after death.

Question 8

mummification

Answer 8

Embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying.

Question 9

hieroglyphic

Answer 9

This is simple pictographs that scribes made simpler.

Question 10

papyrus

Answer 10

A better writing surface the Egyptians made for hieroglyphics.

Question 11

fertile crescent

Answer 11

an arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea.

Question 12

Mesopotamia

Answer 12

The name comes from a Greek word meaning “between rivers,” referring to the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but the region can be broadly defined to include the area that is now eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and most of Iraq.

Question 13

dynasty

Answer 13

a series of rulers from a single family

Question 14

city state

Answer 14

a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit.

Question 15

cultural diffusion

Answer 15

the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another.

Question 16

polytheism

Answer 16

the worshiping of multiple gods

Question 17

empire

Answer 17

a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler.

Question 18

Hammurabi

Answer 18

A Babylonian ruler who’s most enduring legacy is the code of laws he put together.

Question 19

Which of the Egyptian achievements do you consider the most important?

Answer 19

Some of the most important achievements were architecture such as the pyramids and Valley of Kings, as well as the temples.

Question 20

Describe the key geographic features of the Egyptian civilization. How did being surrounded by deserts benefit Egypt?

Answer 20

Being surrounded by deserts protected Egyptian civilization from outside invaders and allowed them to develop a unique culture.

Question 21

Discuss the role of pharaoh within Egyptian society. How did the Egyptians view the pharaoh?

Answer 21

They believed their pharaoh to be the mediator between the gods and the world of men.

Question 22

Nomad

Answer 22

A person who has no solid home and is constantly moving.

Question 23

hunter-gatherer

Answer 23

People who don’t have a source of food and rely on hunting animals and gathering plants and other resources of nature.

Question 24

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 24

The critical transition of human behavior from hunting and gathering to farming

Question 25

slash-and-burn farming

Answer 25

A turning point early technique used by early civilizations for a steady use of food.

Question 26

Domestication

Answer 26

A process used for a steady food source of meet and other resources from animals that was a huge cycle due to reproduction.

Question 27

Which effect of the development of agriculture

do you think was the most significant? Explain.

Answer 27

I would say the change from hunters and gathers to being able to farm and domesticate animals because without spending time on food sources they had time to do many other things to do with their time.

Question 28

How did Cro-Magnon’s new tools make survival easier?

Answer 28

They made spears and digging holes which made finding and killing food much easier which then made their chances of survival better because their chances of getting food was higher.

Question 29

What factors played a role in the origins of agriculture?

Answer 29

The rise in temperatures where a main role in the origins because it created a longer growing season and was the main reason for a shift in human behavior.

Question 30

What were the first crops grown in the Americas?

Answer 30

In the Americas the first crops where corn, beans and squash.

Question 31

pre-history

Answer 31

the period before written records.

Question 32

Paleolithic Age

Answer 32

It was relating to or denoting the early phase of the Stone Age and lasted about 2.5 million years, when primitive stone implements were used.

Question 33

Neolithic Age

Answer 33

It related to or denoted the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed.

Question 34

characteristics of western civilization

Answer 34

rational thinking, democracy, individualism, human rights, etc.

Question 35

Why did Egyptians mummify bodies?

Answer 35

Egyptians believed that the body was the home for the soul and to keep the soul the home of it had to be intact.

Question 36

western civilization

Answer 36

Western civilization refers to the art, literature, culture, and enduring ideas that emerged from the eastern Mediterranean basin in the centuries before the common era, that developed in myriad forms through the Middle Ages

Question 37

homind

Answer 37

any of a family (Hominidae) of erect bipedal primate mammals that includes recent humans together with extinct ancestral and related forms and in some recent classifications the great apes (the orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo)

Question 38

technology

Answer 38

the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area : ENGINEERING sense 2

Question 39

homo sapiens

Answer 39

recent humans

Question 40

civilization

Answer 40

the stage of human social and cultural development and organization that is considered most advanced

Question 41

specialization

Answer 41

the process of concentrating on and becoming expert in a particular subject or skill.
“the division and specialization of labor”

Question 42

artisan

Answer 42

a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.
“street markets where local artisans display handwoven textiles, painted ceramics, and leather goods”

Question 43

institution

Answer 43

a society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose

Question 44

scribe

Answer 44

a person who copies out documents, especially one employed to do this before printing was invented.

Question 45

cuneiform

Answer 45

denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets.

Question 46

bronze age

Answer 46

a prehistoric period that followed the Stone Age and preceded the Iron Age, when certain weapons and tools came to be made of bronze rather than stone.

Question 47

barter

Answer 47

exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services without using money.
“he often bartered a meal for drawings”

Question 48

ziggurat

Answer 48

(in ancient Mesopotamia) a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel (Gen. 11:1–9)

Question 49

What regions of the world are considered “Western” today?

Answer 49

USA, Canada European countries, Australia, and New Zealand.

Question 50

Identify and explain the three main components of culture. Describe how culture is learned

Answer 50

1. common practices: what people eat, clothing, sports, work
2. shared understandings: language, symbols, values, political beliefs
3. social organizations: family, class and caste structure, government, view of authority
   Learned in two ways- observing and imitating the behavior of the people in the society, or people in the society will directly teach one another through written language or spoken

Question 51

Describe the impact of the neolithic revolution on the transition from hunter-gatherers to permanent settlement to civilization

Answer 51

This impact resulted in the birth of agriculture, taking Homo sapiens from scattered groups of hunter-gatherers to farming villages and from there to technologically sophisticated societies with great temples and towers and kings and priests 

Question 52

Who was the first “pharaoh”? Explain why historians believe that this unique position was the key to Egyptian progress and success. (Textbook Chapter 2 Section 2

Answer 52

Narmer, also known as Menes, was the first pharaoh. The pharaoh was considered the divine intermediary between the gods and Egyptians.

Question 53

Detail the progression of hominid development from Australopithecines to Cro-Magnon. How did Neanderthals and Cro-magnons differ from early people?

Answer 53

• Australopithecines- 4 million to 1 million B.C., found in southern and eastern Africa, brain size 500 cm3 (cubic centimeters), first humanlike creature to walk upright
  -Cro Magnon- 40,000 to 8000 B.C., , brain size 1,400 cm3, fully modern humans, created art
  Neanderthals were not ancestors of modern humans. They were affected by the arrival of Cro-Magnons and they also had larger brain sizes.

Question 54

Identify and explain the five characteristics associated with civilization.

Answer 54

Advanced cities- Cities were the birthplace of most firstborn citizens. An example is large trade centers in advanced cities.  

specialized workers- As cities grew, they needed more specialized workers. The development of skills in a specific kind of work. 

complex institutions- The souring populations of early cities made government, or a system of ruling, necessary.  

record keeping- Everyone needs to keep records. Most civilizations developed a system of writing, though some devised other methods of record keeping.  

advanced technology- Cities were the birthplace of most firstborn citizens. An example is large trade centers in advanced cities.

Question 55

Identify and describe the key geographic and cultural features of the Mesopotamian civilization.

Answer 55

Mesopotamia refers to the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which flow down from the Taurus Mountains. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert in the north which gives way to a 5,800 sq mile region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south.