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Intro to Psychology > Chapter 1 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Test Flashcards

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0
Q

Glial cells

A

Take away waste products of neurons, keep the neurons chemical enviorment stable, and insulate them

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1
Q

Neurons

A

Responsible for information transmission through out the cell

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Project out of the cell body like a tree, receives information

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3
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the nucleolus of the cell

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4
Q

Axon

A

Long fiber leaving cell body, conduct information from the cell body to the axon terminals in order to trigger the transmission of info with other neurons

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

An insulating later of a white fatty substance, with the sheath the impulse travels faster

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6
Q

Axon terminals

A

Send signals to other cells

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7
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Naturally occurring chemical in the nervous system that specializes in transmitting information between neurons

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8
Q

Synthetic gap

A

The microscopic gap between neurons across which neurotransmitter a travel to carry their messages to other neurons

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9
Q

Position emission tomography (PET) scan

A

A visual display of the activity levels in various areas in the brain generated by detecting the amount of position emission created by the metabolization of radioactive glucose in each area

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10
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

A computerized image of the activity levels of various areas in the brain generated by detecting the amount of oxygen brought to each area

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11
Q

Agonists

A

A drug or poison that increases the activity of one or more neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug or poison that decreases the activity of one or more neurotransmitters

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13
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle movement

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14
Q

Dopamine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal and mood states, thought processes, and physical movement

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15
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A disease in which the person had movement problems such as muscle tremors, difficulty initiating movements, and rigidity of movement. These movement problems stem from a scarcity of dopamine in the basal ganglia

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16
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

A protective mechanism by which the blood capillaries supplying the brain create a barrier that prevents dangerous substances access to the brain

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17
Q

L-dope

A

A drug for Parkinson’s diesease that contains the precursors to dopamine so that once it is in the brain, it will be converted to dopamine

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18
Q

Serotonin and norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitters involved in levels of arousal and mood, sleep, and eating

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19
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhabitors (SSRs)

A

Anti-depressant drugs that achieve their agnostic effect on serotonin and norepinephrine by selectively blocking their reuptake

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20
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

The main inhibitor neurotransmitter in the nervous system. it is involved in lowering arousal and anxiety and regulating movement

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21
Q

Glutamate

A

The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. It is involved in memory storage, pain perception, strokes and schizophrenia

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22
Q

Endorphins

A

A group of neurotransmitters that are involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure

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23
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The part of the nervous system that links the CNS with the body’s sensory receptors muscles and glands

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25
Q

Interneourons

A

The neurons that integrate information within the CNS through their communication with each other and between sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord

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26
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Neurons in the PNS that carry information to the CNS from sensory receptors muscles and glands

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27
Q

Motor neurons

A

Neurons in the PNS that carry movement commands from the CNS out to the rest of the body

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28
Q

Spinal cord

A

The conduit between the brain and the PNS for incoming sensory data and outgoing movement commands to the muscles

29
Q

Spinal reflex

A

A simple automatic action of the spinal cord not requiring involvement of the brain. such as the knee-jerk relief

30
Q

Somatic (skeletal) nervous system

A

The part of the PNS that carries sensory input from receptors to the CNS and relays commands from the CNS to skeletal muscles to control their movement

31
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of our internal environment (heart, lungs, stomach)

32
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that returns the body to its normal resting state after having been highly aroused, as in an emergency

33
Q

Endocrine glandular system

A

The bodies other major communication system. Communication is achieved through hormones that are secreted by the endocrine glands and travel through the bloodstream to their target sites

34
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger that is produced by an endocrine gland and carried by the bloodstream to the target tissues throughout the body

35
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The most influential gland in the endocrine glandular system. It releases hormones for human growth and hormones that direct other endocrine glands to release their hormones

36
Q

Emotion

A

The complex psychological state that involves a state of physiological arousal and an outward behavioral expression of emotion and a cognitive appraisal of the situation to determine the specific emotion and its intensity

37
Q

James-Lange theory

A

A theory of emotion proposing that an emotion is determined from a cognitive appraisal of the psychological arousal and behavioral responses which occur first

38
Q

Cannon-bard theory

A

A theory of emotion proposing that an emotion is determined from simultaneously occurring psychological arousal, behavioral responses, and cognitive appraisal

39
Q

Schachter-singer two factor theory

A

A theory of Emotion proposing that an emotion is determined by cognitive appraisal of the physiological arousal and the entire environmental situation

40
Q

Medulla

A

A brainstem structure involved in many essential body functions such as heartbeat beating, blood pressure digestion and swallowing

41
Q

Pons

A

A brainstem structure that serves as a bridge between the cerebellum be and the rest of the brain and is involved in sleep and dreaming

42
Q

Reticular formation

A

A network of neurons running up the center of the brainstem that is responsible for our different levels of arousal and consciousness

43
Q

Cerebellum

A

A part of the brain involved in the coordination of our movements, sense of balance, and motor learning

44
Q

Thalamus

A

A part of the brain that serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information

45
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A part of the brain that is involved in the initiation and execution of movements

46
Q

Limbic system

A

A group of brain structures that play an important role in our survival, memory, and emotions

47
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A part of the brain that is involved in regulating basic drives such as eating, drinking, and sex. It also directs the endocrine glandular system through it’s control of the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system to maintain the body’s internal environment

48
Q

Hippocampus

A

A part of the brain involved in the formation of memories

49
Q

Amygdala

A

A part of the brain that is involved in emotions by influencing aggression, anger, and fear and by providing the emotional element of our memories and the interpretation of emotional expressions in others

50
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The layers of interconnected cells covering the brains two hemispheres. Where perception, memory, language, decision-making, and all other higher-level cognitive processing occurs

51
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The bridge of neurons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

52
Q

Frontal lobe

A

In the front of the brain. The motor cortex is in this lobe

53
Q

Parietal lobe

A

The somatosensory cortex is in this lope

54
Q

Motor cortex

A

In the frontal lobe allows us to move different parts of our body

55
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

In the Parietal lobe allows us to sense pressure, temperature, and pain in different parts of our body as well as the position of our body parts

56
Q

Temporel lobe

A

Includes primary auditory cortex where auditory sensory information is initially processed

57
Q

Occipital lobe

A

includes primary visual cortex where visual sensory information is initially processed

58
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Includes motor cortex which allows us to move the different parts of our body

59
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Where our bodies sensations of touch, temperature, limb position, and pain are processed

60
Q

Association cortex

A

All of the cerebral cortex except those areas devoted to primary sensory processing or motor processing. This is where all the higher-level cognitive processing that requires the Association of information such as perception and language occurs

61
Q

Broca’s area

A

An area in the cerebral cortex responsible for fluent speech production. It is in the left frontal lobe of the majority of people, regardless of handedness

62
Q

Wernickes area

A

An area in the cerebral cortex responsible for comprehension of speech and text. It is in the left temporal lobe of the majority of people, regardless of handedness

63
Q

Consciousness

A

And individuals subjective awareness of their inner thinking and feeling and their external environment

64
Q

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

A

(Stage 5) The stage of sleep that is characterized by rapid eye movement and brainwave patterns that resembled those for an awake state and in which most dreaming occurs.

65
Q

How long does the sleep cycle last

A

90 min

66
Q

How long does REM sleep last

A

20-25 min

67
Q

Stage 4

A

Delta waves

68
Q

Stage 2

A

Spindle (bursts of activity)

69
Q

Stage 1 sleep lasts

A

5 min

70
Q

Stage 2 sleep lasts

A

20 min

71
Q

Stage sleep 4 lasts

A

30 min.

Intro to Psychology (2 decks)

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