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IST 110 > Chapter 1 - Terms and Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Terms and Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

certification

A

A certification is a process that ensures a person is proficient in a particular skill set.

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2
Q

system development life cycle / SDLC

A

In information systems, systems are built using a series of phases known as the system development life cycle or SDLC.

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3
Q

software development life cycle

A

SDLC can also refer to the software development life cycle, or the process by which programs and other software is developed.

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4
Q

analysis

A

The analysis phase determines the goals and requirements for a system.

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5
Q

design

A

The design phase determines the specifics of how to build a system.

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6
Q

implementation

A

The implementation phase (also known as development) builds the system according to the design.

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7
Q

testing

A

the testing phase checks that the system function properly and meets or exceeds the requirements.

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8
Q

waterfall method

A

some developers build an information system via a waterfall method, where each phase is done in sequence, entirely completing one phase before moving to the next.

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9
Q

spiral method

A

a modern approach to building information systems uses a spiral method, where each phase is done in sequence, then that sequence is repeated one or more times, with each phase done more thoroughly each time.

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10
Q

product managers

A

product managers guide the development of new systems during the design and analysis phases by learning what types of product users or clients need and whether developers can meet these needs.

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11
Q

User Experience (UX) Engineers

A

User Experience (UX) engineers work with users and developers during the design phase to design systems that are intuitive and easy to use.

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12
Q

Quality Assurance (QA) engineers

A

Quality assurance (QA) engineers test and analyze systems during the implementation and testing phases to minimize the number of bugs before deployment.

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13
Q

Technical Support specialists

A

Technical support specialists work with users to solve problems related to system operation. Error reports from users often inform future bug fixes, improvements, and design changes during the testing and analysis phases.

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14
Q

Project managers

A

Project managers coordinate system development during all phases of the SDLC by setting goals and timelines for developers based on what users or clients need.

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15
Q

information system (IS)

A

An information system (IS) is a collection of hardware, software, and networks that people use to create, store, organize, and distribute information.

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16
Q

client-server architecture

A

The process employed client-server architecture, which let each user to log into a local area network (LAN) from their PC (the client) by connecting to a larger computer (the server).

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17
Q

automation

A

During this time, many manufacturing companies also start to employ automation, using computers and machines to perform tasks once performed by a person, to cut costs and often increase production speed.

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18
Q

offshoring

A

Many companies practice offshoring, where company processes are performed overseas to take advantage of lower costs.

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19
Q

Ergonomics

A

Ergonomics is the science of designing things for easy safe use by people.

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20
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Repetitive typing can cause carpal tunnel syndrome, in which a nerve in the wrist becomes compressed, causing pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand, arm, or shoulder.

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21
Q

word processor

A

A word processor is a common computer application for creating formatted text.

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22
Q

Formatted text

A

Formatted text refers to features of a document like margins, text size, bold text, italicized text, colors, number of columns, etc.

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23
Q

Microsoft Word / Google Docs

A

Popular word processors include Microsoft Word and Google Docs.

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24
Q

text file

A

A text file only stores text without any formatting information, and typically has a filename extension like myfile.txt.

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25
Q

Notepad / TextEdit

A

Simple apps like Notepad (for Windows) or TextEdit (for Macs) can edit text files.

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26
Q

cursor

A

A word processor uses a cursor, typically a vertical blinking line, to indicate where a user’s next-typed text will appear.

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27
Q

Bolded

A

Bolded text is thicker/darker than usual.

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28
Q

Italicized

A

Italicized text is slanted.

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29
Q

Underlined

A

Underlined text has a line underneath.

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30
Q

Font

A

Font refers to particular text style features, such as the shape, thickness, and spacing of text characters.

31
Q

Arial

A

Characters in Arial font have smooth straight lines.

32
Q

Times New Roman / serif

A

Times New Roman font uses varied line-widths, including tiny lines at the tips of characters known as serif.

33
Q

Courier New

A

Courier New font uses equal-width plain-looking characters that were common on manual typewriters several decades ago.

34
Q

size

A

A font’s size refers to the maximum height of any character.

35
Q

points

A

Font size is typically expressed in points (abbreviated pt), where a point is 1/72 of an inch.

36
Q

presentation app

A

A presentation app is a computer application used to create a slideshow of text and graphics, often with animation.

37
Q

slideshow

A

A slideshow consists of a series of individual “slides”.

38
Q

PowerPoint / KeyNote / Impress / Google Slides

A

Popular presentation apps include PowerPoint, KeyNote, Impress, and Google Slides (part of Google Docs).

39
Q

themes

A

Presentation apps contain a library of slideshow themes consisting of predefined color palettes, backgrounds, and text formatting to provide a cohesive style throughout the presentation.

40
Q

toolbar

A

A toolbar displays a strip of icons corresponding to available operations.

41
Q

slide master

A

A slide master is a template that stores theme information and defines the layout of text boxes, colors, fonts, and formatting.

42
Q

Fade in

A

Fade in causes an object to gradually appear.

43
Q

Fly in

A

Fly in causes an object to appear beyond the slide’s margin to the original location.

44
Q

Zoom in

A

Zoom in increases the size of the object from very small to the original size.

45
Q

On click

A

On click executes the effect when the user clicks the mouse.

46
Q

After previous

A

After previous automatically executes the effect once the previous animation effect is completed.

47
Q

With previous

A

With previous executes the animation with the previous effect, grouping animation actions together into a single effect.

48
Q

Compression

A

Compression reduces the size of a file.

49
Q

dictionary

A

In compression, a dictionary is a table of shorthand versions of longer data.

50
Q

LZ compression

A

An LZ compression algorithm (named for creators Lempel and Ziv) examines data for long repeating patterns such as phrases, and creates a dictionary entry for such patterns.

51
Q

Huffman encoding

A

Huffman encoding algorithm measures the frequency of each data item like each letter, and gives the most frequent items a shorter bit encoding (like the letters “a” and “e”), with least frequent items getting a longer encoding (like letters “q” and “z”).

52
Q

zip file

A

A zip file is a common file format for combining multiple files into one file and that usually involves compression.

53
Q

Lossless compression

A

Lossless compression loses no information, so that decompression yields an identical file to the original.

54
Q

Lossy compression

A

Lossy compression loses some information, so the decompressed file is close but not identical to the original.

55
Q

JPEG

A

JPEG is a compression approach specifically for images.

56
Q

pixels

A

An image may consist of millions of pixels (short for “picture elements”), each pixel being a colored dot.

57
Q

quantization

A

A third compression approach is to round the numbers, known as quantization.

58
Q

MPEG

A

MPEG is a compression approach specifically for video (a recent well-known version of MPEG is MP4).

59
Q

Video / frames

A

Video is a series of images called frames.

60
Q

H264

A

H264 is a more recent video compression approach than MPEG, intended to reduce bits further for fast transmission of video over networks.

61
Q

MP3 / OGG

A

MP3 and OGG are audio compression techniques.

62
Q

WAV

A

A WAV file stores audio uncompressed.

63
Q

Troubleshooting

A

Troubleshooting is a process of determining the cause of a computer problem, and ideally solving the problem.

64
Q

Computer graphics

A

Computer graphics are still and moving images generated using a computer.

65
Q

raster graphic / pixels

A

A raster graphic is composed of a grid of picture elements, or pixels.

66
Q

resolution

A

The resolution of a raster image is the number of pixels per row and the number of rows of pixels.

67
Q

ppi

A

Pixel density is commonly expressed as the number of pixels per inch, or ppi.

68
Q

vector graphic

A

In contrast to a raster graphic, a vector graphic is not encoded as a grid of pixels, but instead is encoded as the instructions and mathematical equations for drawing lines and shapes and applying colors.

69
Q

analog-to-digital converter

A

An analog-to-digital converter converts sound from a microphone to a digital signal that can be stored on a computer.

70
Q

synthesizer

A

Audio can be created using a synthesizer, an electronic musical instrument that generates digital audio signals.

71
Q

digital audio workstation

A

A digital audio workstation is software that allows music and other audio to be recorded or synthesized and then stored in digital form.

72
Q

charge-coupled device (CCD)

A

A digital camera contains a charge-coupled device (CCD), which is a sensor that converts light hitting the sensor into the corresponding pixels of a raster graphics file.

73
Q

PDF / portable document format

A

PDF (portable document format) is a file format for storing documents (typically formatted text, images, and drawings) independently of any particular editing app like a word processor.

74
Q

portable

A

A file that is useful across different applications, computers, or operating systems is said to be portable.

IST 110 (1 decks)

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