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psych100 > chapter 1 terms > Flashcards

chapter 1 terms Flashcards

1
Q

biological psychology

A

focuses on the relationships between the mind and behaviour and the underlying biological processes

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2
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

how our physical structures and behaviour have been shaped by their contribution to our species survival (survival and reproduction advantages)

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3
Q

cognitive psychology

A

process of thinking, and processing information

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4
Q

developmental psychology

A

explores normal changes in behaviour that occurs across a life span

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5
Q

social psychology

A

examines the effects of the social environment on the behaviour of individuals

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6
Q

personality psychology

A

individuals way of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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7
Q

clinical psychology

A

seeks to explain, define, and treat psychological disorders

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8
Q

voluntarism

A

reflects the emphasis on conscious will and choice

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9
Q

strcuturalism

A

mind could be broken down into the smallest elements of mental experience (sensation, images, feelings)

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10
Q

introspection

A

personal observation of our own thoughts, feelings and behaviours

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11
Q

functionalism

A

interest in why behaviour and mental processes work in a particular way, asking questions about why our minds adapt

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12
Q

behaviourism

A

concentration on observable, measurable behaviours

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13
Q

psychology as a hub science

A

appears among the seven major areas of science

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14
Q

theory

A

explaining the relationship between two or more variables, explain and predict phenomena

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15
Q

hypothesis

A

inference/educated guess base on prior evidence and logical possibilites

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16
Q

construct

A

internal attributes that cannot be directly observed but are useful for explaining and describing behaviour

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17
Q

operational definition

A

theoretical constructs that are stated in term of concrete, observable procedures (something that can be measured)

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18
Q

independent variable

A

variable being manipulated

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19
Q

dependent variable

A

variable being measured

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20
Q

descriptive research

A

involving the systematic observation and classification behaviour, (surveys, case studies ,etc.)

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21
Q

case study

A

in-depth analysis of the behaviour of one person or small # of people

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22
Q

correlational study

A

examining the association between two or more variable

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23
Q

types of correlational methods

A
  • no relationship
  • positive, variables move in the same direction
  • negative, variables move in opposite directions
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24
Q

directionality problem

A

not knowing what is the cause or the effect, two variables but not able to determine correlation except that they are related

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25
Q

third-variable problem

A

responsible for a correlation observed between 2 other variables of interest

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26
Q

correlational coefficient

A

measure of the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables

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27
Q

experiment

A

tests hypothesis and allows researchers to make conclusions

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28
Q

causal claims

A

cause and effect are related

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29
Q

random assignment

A

each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group in an experiment

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30
Q

random sample

A

each member has an equal opportunity to be a part of the research

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31
Q

confound

A

variable that is irrelevant to the researcher’s hypothesis but can alter their conclusions

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32
Q

quasi-experiment

A

experimental design where random assignment is not possible

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33
Q

field experiment

A

an experiment conducted outside of a laboratory study

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34
Q

external validity

A

generalizability - can we generalize the data

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35
Q

internal validity

A

causality - is it appropriate to make a causal claim

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36
Q

reliability

A

consistency of measure

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37
Q

replication

A

repeating an experiment and producing the same results

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38
Q

descriptive statistics

A

organizing data in a meaningful pattern and summary

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39
Q

inferential statistics

A

allows experimenters to extend conclusions from samples to larger population

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40
Q

normal distribution/curve

A

symmetrical probability function

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41
Q

WEIRD samples

A

western, educated, industrialised, rich, and democratic

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42
Q

research ethics board

A
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43
Q

neuron

A

basic unit of the nervous system, operate through electrical impulses

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44
Q

axon

A

branch of a neuron that is usually responsible for transmitting info to other neurons

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45
Q

dendrite

A

branch from the neural cell body that usually receives input from other neurons

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46
Q

myelin sheath

A

makes neural signaling fast and energy efficient, provides insulation

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47
Q

cell body

A

large central mass of a neuron containing the nucleus

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48
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

allows signals to travel faster

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49
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse that passes along the axon, causes the release of chemicals from the terminal buttons

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50
Q

resting potential

A

polarized state, more negative inside the cell, neuron is not processing any information

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51
Q

synaptic cleft

A

point of communication between 2 axons

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52
Q

receptor

A

special channel in the membrane of a neuron that interacts with neurotransmitters released by the other neurons

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53
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse

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54
Q

agonist

A

drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters

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55
Q

antagonist

A

drugs inhibiting the actions of neurotransmitters

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56
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system, concerned with the internal environment and changes involving involuntary bodily functions, efferent and afferent pathways between the CNS and the smooth muscles/glands

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57
Q

basal ganglia

A

involved with voluntary movements that curve around to hug the thalamus

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58
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system, brain and spinal cord

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58
Q

brainstem

A

part of the brain connecting the midbrain, pons and medulla

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58
Q

cerebellum

A

maintains balance and motor coordination, richly connected with the rest of the CNS

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58
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin layers of the cell covering the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres

58
Q

cingulate cortex

A

above the corpus callosum. anterior –> decision making/emotion. posterior –> memory and visual processing

59
Q

endocrine system

A

glands that release hormones into the body, respond to input from the nervous system and hypothalamus

59
Q

corpus callosum

A

wide band of nerve fibres connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres

59
Q

executive functions

A

cognitive processes that are involved with self-regulation and cognitive control of behavior

60
Q

frontal lobe

A

home of the primary motor cortex, production of speech, prefrontal cortex is involved with planning of behaviour attention and judgement, located in front of brain

61
Q

glia

A

nervous system cells that perform a variety of support functions including formation of the blood-brain barrier and myelin

62
Q

GABA

A

neurotransmitter, inhibition of brain activity

63
Q

glutamate

A

excitation of brain activity

64
Q

serotonin

A

mood, impulsiveness, hunger, sleep

65
Q

dopamine

A

reward and motivation, voluntary movement

66
Q

acetylcholine

A

movement; memory. cognition, sleep

67
Q

epinephrine

A

arousal, fight or flight

68
Q

norepinephrine

A

arousal, vigilance, fight or flight

69
Q

hippocampus

A

formation of long-term memories, involved in the storage and retrieval of memories

70
Q

hypothalamus

A

involved with motivation and homeostasis: feeding, fighting, fleeing, fornication

71
Q

HPA-axis

A

main stress-response system

72
Q

neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons

73
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability of new neurons to change in structure and function in response to alterations in their environment

74
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

subcortical structure participating in reward and addiction

75
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex, located at the back of the brain

76
Q

orbitofrontal cortex

A

part of the prefrontal cortex, plays an important role In our emotional lives

77
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

directs storage of energy, associated with rest, repair, and energy storage

78
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

the most forward part of the brain of the frontal lobe

79
Q

reticular formation

A

management of levels of arousal, located in the length of the brainstem

80
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system, , includes peripheral portions of the sensory and voluntary movement systems

81
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares the body for situations requiring the expenditure of energy

82
Q

temporal lobe

A

primary auditory cortex, lower front of the brain

83
Q

thalamus

A

processing of sensory info, states of arousal, learning/memory, located almost in the centre of the brain (input from most systems goes first to thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex)

84
Q

sensation

A

process of detecting environmental stimuli or stimuli arising from the body

85
Q

perception

A

process of interpreting sensory information

86
Q

signal detection theory

A

analysis of sensory and decision-making processes in the detection of faint, uncertain stimuli

87
Q

psychophysics

A

study of relationships between the physical qualities of stimuli and the subjective responses they produce

88
Q

absolute threshold

A

smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected

89
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest detectable difference between two stimuli

90
Q

sensory adaptation

A

tendency to pay less attention to a nonchanging source of stimulation

91
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

92
Q

binocular cue

A

depth cue using both eyes

93
Q

bottom-up processing

A

perception based on building simple input into more complex perceptions

94
Q

top-down processing

A

perceptual process in which memory and other cognitive processes are required for interpreting incoming sensory info

95
Q

cochlea

A

structure in the inner ear that is contains auditory receptors

96
Q

cone

A

photoreceptor that processes colour and fine detail

97
Q

depth perception

A

ability to use the two-dimensional image projected on the retina to perceive three dimensions.

98
Q

somatosensory homunculus

A

representation of a man that has the parts of the body different sizes based on sensitivity to touch

99
Q

fovea

A

area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision, responsible for central vision

100
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical distortion or pressure (temp, pressure and pain)

101
Q

nociceptors

A

pain reception, somatosenses, activated by damaging stimuli

102
Q

gate control theory

A

input from touch fibres competes with input from pain receptors, possibly preventing pain messages from reaching the brain

103
Q

gustation

A

the sense of taste

104
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

105
Q

gestalt principles

A

help to explain how we percieve objects in our environment

106
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

whatever is not the figure is automatically assigned as the background

107
Q

illusory contours

A

tend to percieve contours even when they don’t exist

108
Q

proximity

A

the closer the two figures are, the more likely we are to group them together

109
Q

continuation

A

interpreting intersecting lines as continuous rather than as changing direction radically

109
Q

similarity

A

tendency to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other

110
Q

closure

A

completing figures that have gaps

111
Q

iris

A

muscle surrounding the pupil of the eye, adjusts the pupil to the amount of light entering the environment

112
Q

lens

A

clear structure behind the pupil that bends light towards the retina

113
Q

monocular cue

A

depth cue that requires the use of only 1 eye

114
Q

motion parallax

A

objects that are farther away seem to move more slowly than objects that are closer

115
Q

olfactory bulb

A

below the frontal lobe, receives input from the olfactory receptors in the nose

116
Q

olfactory nerve

A

nerve carrying olfactory info from the olfactory receptors to bulbs

117
Q

opponent process theory

A

green/red channel and blue/yellow channel

118
Q

optic nerve

A

nerve exiting the retina

119
Q

pupil

A

where travelling light enters, opening formed by muscles of the lens

120
Q

retina

A

layers of visual processing cells in the back of the eye, thin and complex network of neurons

121
Q

retinal disparity

A

important cue of depth perception, caused by the distance between they eyes, provides each eye with a slightly different image

122
Q

taste bud

A

structure found in papillae that contains taste receptor cells

122
Q

rod

A

photoreceptor specialized to detect dim light

123
Q

transduction

A

the translation of incoming sensory information into neural signals

124
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trichromatic theory

A
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psych100 (1 decks)

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