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Microbiology & Parasitology Lec > Chapter 1 (terms) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 (terms) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

is the study of microorganisms,

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

a large and diverse
group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell
clusters; it also includes viruses,

A

microorganisms,

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3
Q

one test of the merit of a scientific hypothesis

A

originality

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4
Q

a useful hypothesis should provide a basis for

A

generalization

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5
Q

the practical outgrowth of science, is a product created by a blend of technique and theory

A

prediction

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6
Q

provide the tools for analysis of microorganisms

A

biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics

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7
Q

extends the horizons of these scientific disciplines

A

microbiology

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8
Q

one that benefits all of the contributing parties

A

mutualism

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9
Q

example of microbial mutualism

A

lichen

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10
Q

consists of fungus and phototrophic partner

A

lichens

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11
Q

mutualism in biology is

A

symbiosis

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12
Q

benefit of one party

A

parasitism

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13
Q

host provides the primary benefit to the parasite

A

parasitism

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14
Q

terms that relate to the science of ecology

A

mutualism, symbiosis, parasitism

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15
Q

are implicit in microbiology

A

principles of environmental biology

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16
Q

products of evolution, biologic consequence of natural selection

A

microorganisms

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17
Q

groups of eukaryotic microorganisms

A

algae, protozoa, fungi, slime molds

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18
Q

viruses lack attributes of a cell including

A

ability to replicate

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19
Q

acquire the key attribute of a living system -

A

reproduction when they infect a cell

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20
Q

infect other viruses

A

virophages

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21
Q

tend to be
highly specific, and the biologic range of viruses mirrors the
diversity of potential host cells.

A

Host–virus interactions

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22
Q

are generally small (eg, adenovirus
is 90 nm) and consist of a nucleic acid molecule, either

DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat, or capsid (some-
times itself enclosed by an envelope of lipids, proteins, and

carbohydrates).

A

Viral particles

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23
Q

adenovirus

is

A

90nm

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24
Q

glycoproteins—in the
capsid determine the specificity of interaction of a virus
with its host cell.

A

Proteins—frequently glycoproteins—

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25
Q

protects the nucleic acid and
facilitates attachment and penetration of the host cell by the
virus.

A

capsid

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26
Q

consists of assembling newly synthesized nucleic acid

and protein subunits into mature viral particles, which are
then liberated into the extracellular environment.

A

Maturation

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27
Q

also known as

hepatitis D virus,

A

delta agent

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28
Q

is too small to code for even a single capsid

protein and needs help from hepatitis B virus for transmis-
sion.

A

hepatitis D virus

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29
Q

are known to infect a wide variety of plant and

animal hosts as well as protists, fungi, and bacteria.

A

Viruses

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30
Q

a DNA virus infecting Acanthamoeba,

A

Mimivirus

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31
Q

a free-
living soil ameba, has a diameter of 400–500 nm and a

genome that encodes 979 proteins, including the first four
aminoacyl tRNA synthetases ever found outside of cellular
organisms and enzymes for polysaccharide biosynthesis.

A

Acanthamoeba

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32
Q

An even larger marine virus has recently been discovered

A

Megavirus

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33
Q

A number of transmissible plant diseases are caused

by

A

viroids

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34
Q

—small, single-stranded, covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rodlike

structures.

A

viroids

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35
Q

a degenerative central

nervous system disease of sheep.

A

scrapie

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36
Q

was introduced to emphasize its proteinaceous and infectious nature.

A

prion

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37
Q

extracellular form of the viroid is

A

naked RNA - no capsid of any kind

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38
Q

cellular form prion is

A

encoded by the host’s chromosomal DNA

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39
Q

is a sialoglycoprotein with a molec-
ular mass of 33,000–35,000 Da and a high content of α-helical secondary structure that is sensitive to proteases and soluble
in detergent.

A

PrP^c

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40
Q

is expressed on the surface of neurons via a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol anchor in both infected and
uninfected brains.

A

PrP^c

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41
Q

PrPc is expressed on the surface of neurons via

A

glycosylphosphatidyl inositol anchor

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42
Q

occurs in the prion protein, changing it from its normal or cellular form PrP^c to the disease-causing conformation, PrP^Sc

A

conformational change

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43
Q

There are additional prion diseases of importance

A

Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob dis-

ease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, and fatal familial insomnia

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44
Q

which is thought to result from the ingestion
of feeds and bone meal prepared from rendered sheep offal,
has been responsible for the deaths of more than 184,000

cattle in Great Britain since its discovery in 1985.

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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45
Q

has been associated with human ingestion of prion-infected beef in the United Kingdom and France.

A

A new variant of CJD (vCJD)

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46
Q

as a consequence of infection sialoglycoprotein is converted to

A

protease-resistant form

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47
Q

are unique in that they manifest

as sporadic, genetic, and infectious diseases.

A

human prion diseases

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48
Q

the cell containing DNA is termed the

A

nucleoid

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49
Q

are their relatively small size, usually on the order of 1 μm in diameter, and the absence of a nuclear membrane.

A

prokaryotes

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50
Q

The DNA of almost all bacteria is a circle with a length of about 1 mm; this is the

A

prokaryotic chromosome.

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51
Q

Recent data
based on genome sequencing indicate that the number of
genes within a prokaryote may vary from 468 in

A

Mycoplasma genitalium

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52
Q

Recent data based on genome sequencing indicate that the number of genes within a prokaryote may vary from 468 in Mycoplasma genitalium to 7825 in

A

Streptomyces coelicolor

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53
Q

Recent data
based on genome sequencing indicate that the number of
genes within a prokaryote may vary from 468 in Mycoplasma
genitalium to 7825 in Streptomyces coelicolor, and many of
these genes must be dedicated to essential functions such as

A

energy generation, macromolecular synthesis, and cellular replication.

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54
Q

is the chief source of energy for life.

A

Light from the sun

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55
Q

what prokaryote convert light energy to metabolic energy in the absence of oxygen production?

A

purple bacteria

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56
Q

prokaryote that produce oxygen that can provide energy through respiration in the absence of light

A

blue-green bacteria (Cyanobacteria)

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57
Q

these organisms depend on respiration w/oxygen for energy

A

Aerobic organisms

58
Q

some of these organisms can use electron acceptors other than oxygen in respiration

A

anaerobic organisms

59
Q

these are carried out in which energy is derived by metabolic rearrangement of chemical growth substrates

A

fermentations

60
Q

this means arrangements in w/c the physiologic characteristics of dif. org. contribute to survival of the group as a whole

A

consortia

61
Q

wellspring of the evolutionary process called

A

natural selection

62
Q

within clones it is likely to provide physiologic protection to at least some members of the group

A

high number of cells

63
Q

they may afford protection against potentially lethal agents such as antibiotics/heavy metal ions

A

extracellular polysaccharides

64
Q

cell-cell communication mechanism called

A

quorum sensing

65
Q

this is exploited by many bacteria to regulate the transcription of genes involved in diverse physiologic processes (bioluminescence, plasmid conjugal transfer & production of virulence determinants)

A

quorum sensing

66
Q

Examples of diverse physiologic processes included in the transcription of genes

A

bioluminescence, plasmid conjugal transfer, production of virulence determinants

67
Q

it depends on the production of one or more diffusable signal molecules (acetylated homoserine lactone - AHL) termed autoinducers or pheromones that enable a bacterium to monitor its own cell population density

A

quorum sensing

68
Q

an example of diffusable signal molecules termed autoinducers or pheromones

A

acetyl homoserine lactone (AHL)

69
Q

this enable a bacterium to monitor its own cell population density

A

autoinducers/pheromones

70
Q

the cooperative activities that lead to a formation called _____ are controlled by quorum sensing

A

biofilm formation

71
Q

it is an ex of multicellular behavior in prokaryotes

A

the cooperative activities leading to biofilm formation are controlled by quorum sensing

72
Q

it is a distinguishing characteristic of prokaryotes

A

capacity to exchange small packets of genetic information

73
Q

these are small and specialized genetic elements that are capable of replication w/in at least one prokaryotic cell line, and they may carry small packets of genetic info.

A

plasmids

74
Q

these may be transferred from one cell to another and thus may carry sets of specialized genetic info through a population

A

plasmids

75
Q

some plasmids exhibit ________ that allows them to convey sets of genes to diverse organisms

A

broad host range

76
Q

these plasmids may render diverse bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment

A

drug resistance plasmids

77
Q

this can lead to loss of functions that may not allow growth of the symbiont/parasite independent of its host

A

advanced symbiosis/parasitism

78
Q

are parasitic prokary-

otes that have lost the ability to form a cell wall.

A

mycoplasmas

79
Q

not found in other prokaryotes, is assimilated from the metabolic envi-
ronment provided by the host.

A

Cholesterol

80
Q

Loss of function is exemplified

also by

A

obligate intracellular parasites (e.g. chlamydiae & rickettsiae)

81
Q

These bacteria are extremely small (0.2–0.5 μm
in diameter) and depend on the host cell for many essential
metabolites and coenzymes.

A

chlamydiae and

rickettsiae.

82
Q

The most widely distributed examples of bacterial symbi-

onts appear to be

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria

83
Q

prokaryotes that established sym-

biosis within the cell membrane of the ancestral eukaryotic host.

A

endosymbionts

84
Q

ancestors of chloroplasts and mitochondria are

A

endosymbionts

85
Q

An understanding of any group of organisms requires their

A

classification

86
Q

allows prediction of many additional traits

shared by other members of the category.

A

categorization

87
Q

may also provide a broad understanding of relationships

among different organisms, and such information may have

great practical value.

A

classification

88
Q

elimination of a patho-

genic organism will be relatively long-lasting if its habitat is occupied by a

A

nonpathogenic variant

89
Q

At the outset, it should be recognized that any
prokaryotic characteristic might serve as a potential criterion for classification. However, not all criteria are equally effective in grouping organisms. Useful criteria may be

A

structural, physiologic, biochemical,

or genetic.

90
Q

Spores—specialized cell structures that may
allow survival in extreme environments—are useful structural criteria for classification because well-characterized subsets of bacteria form this

A

Spores

91
Q

Some bacterial groups can

be effectively subdivided on the basis of their ability to _____specified carbohydrates.

A

ferment

92
Q

is an effective criterion for classification because response to the stain reflects fundamental and complex differences in the bacterial cell surface that divide most bacteria into two major groups.

A

Gram stain

93
Q

are increasingly used in bacterial classification, and many of these advances are made possible by the development of ____

A

Genetic criteria, DNA-based technologies

94
Q

DNA probe or DNA amplification assays examples

A

polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assays)

95
Q

these are now possible to design to swiftly identify organisms carrying specified genetic regions with
common ancestry.

A

DNA probe or DNA amplification assays

96
Q

Comparison of DNA sequences for some

genes led to the elucidation of ______ among prokaryotes

A

phylogenetic relationships

97
Q

Ancestral cell lines can be traced, and

organisms can be grouped on the basis of their

A

evolutionary affinities.

98
Q

comparison of this sequence suggests that all eukaryotes, including humans, arose from one of three different groups of purple photosynthetic bacteria.

A

cytochrome c sequences

99
Q

comparison of cytochrome c

sequences suggests that all eukaryotes, including humans, arose from one of three different groups of _____

A

purple photosynthetic bacteria.

100
Q

two major groups of prokaryotes

A

bacteria & archaebacteria

101
Q

they carry out an anaerobic respiration

that gives rise to methane,

A

methanogens

102
Q

they demand extremely

high salt concentrations for growth,

A

halophiles

103
Q

they require high temperature and acidity.

A

thermoacidophiles

104
Q

An intriguing trait shared by archaebacteria and eukaryotes is the presence of ___ w/in genes

A

introns

105
Q

represent a fundamental characteristic shared

by the DNA of archaebacteria and eukaryotes.

A

introns

106
Q

these are evolutionary derivatives of bacteria

A

chloroplasts & mitochondria

107
Q

this may have risen from an archaebacterial ancestor

A

eukaryotic nucleus

108
Q

The agents of

motility for eukaryotic cells are

A

flagella or cilia

109
Q

“true nucleus” is only one of their distinguishing features.

A

eukaryotes

110
Q

it is a highly specific event and establishes the basis for eukaryotic species

A

fusion of gametes to form reproductive progeny

111
Q

prokaryotes exchange fragments of DNA through

A

recombination

112
Q

Taxonomic groupings of eukaryotes frequently are based on shared

A

morphologic properties

113
Q

microbial eukaryotes ______ are members of the 4 ff. major groups: algae, protozoa, fungi, slime molds

A

protists

114
Q

has long been used to denote all organisms

that produce O2 as a product of photosynthesis.

A

algae

115
Q

One major

subgroup of these organisms—the ____ are prokaryotic and no longer termed algae

A

blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)

116
Q

All algae contain______in the photosynthetic membrane of their subcellular chlo-
roplast.

A

chlorophyll

117
Q

what algae sometimes are several hundred meters in length.

A

Kelps of brown algae

118
Q

a unicellular alga, cause algal blooms, or red tides, in the ocean

A

Dinoflagellates

119
Q

Red tides caused by the _______are serious because this organism produces neurotoxins such as ____________

A

dinoflagellate Gonyaulax species, saxitoxin and gonyautoxins,

120
Q

Ingestion of these shellfish by humans results in symptoms of

A

paralytic shellfish poisoning and can lead to death.

121
Q

are unicellular nonphotosynthetic protists.

A

Protozoa

122
Q

It seems likely that the ancestors of these protozoa were algae that became

A

heterotrophs

123
Q

the nutritional requirements of such organisms are met by organic compounds.

A

heterotrophs

124
Q

(characteristic of the ameba)

A

pseudopodia

125
Q

A fourth major group of protozoa, the ______

A

sporozoa

126
Q

are strict parasites that are usually immobile; most of these reproduce sexually and asexually in alternate generations by means of spores

A

sporozoa

127
Q

are nonphotosynthetic protists growing as a mass
of branching, interlacing filaments (“hyphae”) known as a
mycelium.

A

fungi

128
Q

The fungi are nonphotosynthetic protists growing as a mass of branching, interlacing filaments (“hyphae”) known as a

A

mycelium

129
Q

(a multinucleated mass of continuous cytoplasm)

A

coenocyte

130
Q

The mycelial forms are called

A

molds

131
Q

they do not form a mycelium but are easily recognized as fungi by the nature of their sexual reproductive processes and by the presence of transitional forms.

A

yeasts

132
Q

probably represent an evolutionary offshoot of

the protozoa; they are unrelated to the actinomycetes, mycelial bacteria that they superficially resemble.

A

fungi

133
Q

The major sub-divisions (phyla) of fungi are

A

Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota (the zygomycetes), Ascomycota (the ascomycetes), Basidiomycota (the basidiomycetes), and the “deuteromycetes” (or imperfect fungi).

134
Q

ascomycetes evolved from the _____

A

phycomycetes

135
Q

The evolution of the ascomycetes from the phycomycetes is seen in a transitional group, whose members form a zygote but then transform this directly into an ____

A

ascus

136
Q

are believed to have evolved in turn from the

ascomycetes.

A

basidiomycetes

137
Q

These organisms are characterized by the presence, as a stage in their life cycle, of an ameboid multinucleate mass of cytoplasm called a

A

plasmodium

138
Q

interlacing filaments

A

hyphae

139
Q

is analogous to the mycelium of a true fungus.

A

plasmodium of a slime mold

140
Q

both are coenocytic

A

fungi, slime molds

141
Q

Reproduction of the slime molds via

A

plasmodia

142
Q

Reproduction of the slime molds via plasmodia can depend on

A

intercellular recognition and fusion of cells from the same species.

Microbiology & Parasitology Lec (3 decks)

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