Chapter 1: Terminology Flashcards
Atom
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The smallest unit of matter that combined to form cells
Chemical
Substance with a distinct molecular composition
Organelle
Structural units within cells that have specific functions
Cell
The basic structure unit of living organisms
Tissue
Group of cells working together to perform a function
examples:blood bone
Organ
Group of tissues working together to perform a function
Example; heart
Organ system
Group of organs working together to perform a function
Example; nervous system muscular system
Organism
Group of systems working together
Example; human
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Integumentary system F&O
Function; protect against environment regulate body temp, sensory info
Major organ; skin, sweat glands, nail
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Skeletal system F&O
Function; support/protection for tissues, store calcium/minerals, forms blood cells
Major organ; bones, Cartilage,associated ligaments, bone marrow
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Muscular system F&O
Function; provides movement, protects tissue, generates heat/body temp
Major organ; skeletal muscles associated tendons
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Nervous system Function & Organs
Function; response to stimuli,moderate activities of organs, provide/interpret sensory info
Major organ; brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sensory organs
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Endocrine system Function & Organs
Function; adjust metabolism,control structural and functional changes in the body
Major organ; pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, testes
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Cardiovascular system F&O
Function; distributes blood cells, water etc., distributes heat, controls body temp
Major organs; heart, blood, blood vessels
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Lymphatic system F&O
Function; defense against infection returns fluids to bloodstream
Major organ; spleen, times, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Respiratory system F&O
Function; air to Alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, remove CO2 from bloodstream
Major organs; nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Digestive system F&O
Function; digest foods, absorbs water, stored energy
Major organ; teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder
Urinary system F&O
Function; excretes waste, controls water balance, stores urine, regulates blood and PH
Major organ; kidneys, uterus, bladder, urethra
Male reproductive system F&O
Function; produce sperm, seminal fluids, hormones, sex
Major organ; testes, epididymides, ducts diffrentia, Seminal vesicles
Female reproductive system F&O
Function; produces female sex cells, developing embryo, milk, sex
Major organ; ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, Vagina labia, clitoris, memory glands
In anatomical position, the palms are facing?
Forward.
Why is it important than medical professionals describe the human body in this position
To be able to clearly talk about different parts of moving organisms no matter how they are moving or what position they are in
Cranial
Skull
Cephalic
Head
Frontal
Forehead
Ocular
Eye
Buccal
Cheek
Cervical
Neck
Facial
Face
Oral
Mouth
Pelvic
Pelvis
Thoracic
Chest
Axillary
Armpits
Mammary
Breast
Brachial
Arm
Scapular
Shoulder blade
Digital (phalangeal)
Fingers
Patellar
Knee cap
Abdominal
Abdomen
Umbilical
Navel
Antecubital
Front of elbow
Palmar
Palm
Carpal
Wrist
Pollex
Thumb
Manual
Hand
Mental
Chin
Pubic
Pubis
Inguinal
Groin
Coxal
Tailbone
Femoral
Thigh
Vertebral
Spine
Acromial
Shoulder
Dorsal
Back
Crural
Leg
Pectoral
Peck muscle
Tarsal
Ankle
Pedal
Foot
Popliteal
Back of knee
Calcaneal
Heel of foot
Peroneal (Fibular)
Outer calf
Perineal
Abdominal cavity
Olecranal
Back of elbow
Lumbar
Lower back bone
Gluteal
But cheek
Sural
Calf
Plantar
Sole of foot
Sternal
Sternum
Anterior
Front of the body
Ventral
Belly side
Dorsal (Direction)
To the back
Posterior
The back of surface
Cephalic (Cranial)
Toward the head
Caudal
Toward the tail
Inferior
Below; toward feet
Superior
Above, toward the head
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Distal
Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
Proximal
Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial
At, near, close to the body surface
Deep
Toward the interior of the body
Visceral w/n
Relating to organs within the body cavities
Parietal
Relating to Body cavity wall
Bilateral
Both sides of the body
Contralateral
Pertaining to the other side
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
The heart is medial to the?
Lungs.
The carpal region is? To the brachial Region
Proximal.
Two tumors located in the right kidney will be? Tumors
Visceral
Transverse or horizontal section
Cross section
Sagittal section
Left and right parts
Mid sagittal section
Equal in left and right halves
Frontal or coronal section
Anterior and posterior parts
Would it be Possible to make a transverse section of the abdominal cavity without cutting through the stomach
Yes, cut would go across
Is it possible to make a sagittal section of the thoracic cavity without cutting through the heart
Yes
Dorsal cavity
Divided into two cavities that house the central nervous system the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Cranial cavity
Contains the brain
Spinal cavity
Contains the spinal cord
What are the cranial cavity and spinal cavity line by?
The cavities are lined by meninges, connective tissues that protect the organs inside these cavities
The dorsal cavity is surrounded by bone. Why is that important, based on what you know about human anatomy?
The dorsal body cavity is totally surrounded by bone and provides very good protection for the section it contains.
Ventral(front,belly side) cavity consist of ?
Consist of two main cavity separated by the mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Lungs: covered by tissues called pluera
Where is visceral(W/N) pleura located?
Covering the mediastinum surface and the inner body wall.
Mediastinum
Space between the lungs. The trachea, esophagus, heart, and great vessels of the heart are found there.
What is the term for the tissue that surrounds the heart?
Pericardium; has a visceral layer and a parade or layer
Abdominal pelvic cavity Is line by tissues called?
Peritoneum
Where is this Visceral peritoneum located?
Wrapped around the internal organs located inside the inter-peritoneal cavity
Where is parietal (body cavity wall) peritoneum located?
Portion lined the abdominal pelvic cavities, thoracic cavity
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Contains digestive organs (stomach, liver, intestines)
Pelvic cavity:
Contains the reproductive organs.
Homeostasis:
Maintaining a stable environment.
What regulatory systems maintain homeostasis?
Endocrine system, nervous system.
What is the function of an Endocrine Organ:
And endocrine organ makes a hormone that travels with the blood to act on another part of the body
Nervous system:
Consist of nerves (controlled by the brain), and provides a quick response
What are two types of homeostasis responses?
Negative and positive feedback.
Negative feedback:
Body maintains in normal range, or setpoint.
Example: when the body is cold negative feedback will make it shiver, when the body is hot negative feedback will make it sweat.
What homeostatic mechanism helps restore normal temperature when body temperature is low?
Hypothalamus sends signal to shiver.
What is the purpose of shivering? Sweating?
Maintaining homeostasis.
Body temperature is primarily control by?
The nervous system.
What homeostatic mechanism helps restore normal glucose my blood sugar is low?
Pancreas secretes more insulin.
Positive feedback;
Initial change causes an even greater change
Example: labor and delivery, release of oxytocin causes stronger contraction: blood clotting; positive feedback accelerate clotting until clock can stop bleeding.
Why aren’t positive feedback mechanisms very common in the human body?
It seems to produce extreme responses.
What are the nine regions?
The right hypochondriac, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right Inguinal region, hypogastric pubic region, left inguinal region.
What are the four Quadrants
Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant.
Name one Oregon that is found in the right hypochondriac region
Liver
Describe the position of epigastric region relative to the hypogastric region
The epigastric region is superior to The hypogastric region
In which region could you find the umbilicus
The umbilical region
In which quadrant could you find the spleen?
Left upper quadrant
In which quadrant is the appendix Found?
Right lower quadrant
