Chapter 1: Terminology Flashcards
Human Anatomy
Structure of the body
Human physiology
Function of the body
What is the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest?
- Atom
- Chemical
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
What is an atom?
Smallest unit of matter that combines to form a chemical
What is chemical?
Substance made up of matter
What is an organelle?
Structure inside of cells that perform a specific function.
What is a cell?
Basic units of livings things
What is a tissue?
Groups of cells working together to perform a certain function.
What is an organ?
Groups of tissues working together to perform a certain function.
What is an organ system?
Groups of organs working together to perform a certain function.
What is an organism?
Groups of organ/body systems working together
What is the function of the integumentary system and major organs?
- Function: Protects the body and regulates temperature
- Major Organ: Skin, hair nails, sweat glands
What is the function of the skeletal system and major organs?
- Function: Provides structure and support, protects organs, works with muscles to allow movement.
- Major Organs: Bones (femur, ribs, skull) and cartilage, ligaments, joints
What is the function of muscular system and major organs?
- Functions: Allows movement, maintains posture, generates heat
- Major organs: Skeletal (biceps) and Cardiac muscle (heart), smooth muscle (organs like stomach and intestines)
What is the function of nervous system and major organs?
- Function: Controls body activities by sending electrical signals and processes sensory information
- Major Organs: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves (like those in hands and legs)
What is the function of endocrine system and major organs?
- Function: Produces hormones that regulates body processes like growth, metabolism, hormones
- Major Organs: Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas
What is the function of cardiovascular system and major organ?
- Function: Pumps blood, delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes waste
- Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels, blood
What is the function of lymphatic system and major organs?
- Function: Fights infections and removes waste
- Major Organs: Lymph Nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus
What is the function of the respiratory system and major organs?
- Function: Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- Major Organs: Lungs, Trachea, Bronchi, diaphragm
What is function of digestive system and major organs?
- Function: Breaks down food into nutrients and removes waste
- Major Organs: Stomach, intestines, liver, Pancreas
What is the function of urinary system and major organs?
- Function: Removes waste and excess substances from blood to form urine, maintains fluid balance
- Major Organs: Kidneys, bladder, urethra, ureters
What is the function of reproductive systems?
- Functions: Produce sex cells and hormones
- Major organs: Ovaries, uterus, testis, penis
In anatomical position, the palms are facing ______.
Forward
Cranial
Skull
Cephalic
Head
Frontal
Forehead
Ocular
Eye
Buccal
Cheek
Cervical
Neck
Oral
Mouth
Pelvic
Pelvis
Thoracic
Chest or Ribcage
Axillary
Armpit
Mammary
Breast
Brachial
Arm
Scapular
Shoulder blade
Digital (phalangeal)
Fingers and toes
Patellar
Knee cap
Crural
Between knee and ankle
Pectoral
Chest
Tarsal
Ankle
Pedal
Foot
Hallux
Great toe
Popliteal
Back of knee
Calcaneal
Heal of foot
Perineal
Area between anus and genitals
Abdominal
Abdomen
Umbilical
Navel
Antecubital
Front of elbow
Antebrachial
Forearm
Palmer
Palm
Carpal
Wrist
Pollex
Thumb
Manual
Hand
Mental
Chin
Pubic
Pubis
Inguinal
Groin
Coxal
Hip
Femoral
Thigh
Vertebral
Vertebrae
Acromial
Shoulder
Dorsal
Back
Olecranal
Back of elbow
Lumbar
Loin (back)
Gluteal
Buttock
Sural
Calf
Plantar
Sole of foot
Peroneal (fibular)
Fibula
Sternal
Breastbone
Anterior
Front (same as ventral)
Ventral
Belly side (same as anterior)
Dorsal
Back (same as posterior)
Posterior
Back
Cranial
Towards the skull (if in anatomical position)
Inferior
Below
Superior
Above
Medial
Towards midline
Lateral
Away from midline
Distal
Farther from trunk (limbs only)
Proximal
Closer to trunk (limbs only)
Superficial
Close to surface
Deep
Farther from surface (inside)
Visceral
Internal organs (within cavities)
Parietal
Walls of a body cavity or outer layer surrounding an organ
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Ex. Injury on right arm and injury on the right leg
Bilateral
Both side of body
Ex. Injury on both right and left knee
Contralateral
Opposite side of body
Ex. Injury on right leg and pain on left arm
Transverse/Cross Section
Cut in upper and lower parts
Sagittal Section
Cut in right and left parts
Mid-Sagittal Section
Cut in equal right and left parts
Frontal (coronal) Section
Cut into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)
Dorsal cavity
The two cavities that houses the nervous system
What are the two dorsal cavities?
- Cranial Cavity
- Spinal Cavity
The dorsal cavities are lined with _____, connective tissues that protect the organs inside these cavities.
Meninges (Layers of tissues that protect the brain and spinal cord)
Ventral cavity
Two main cavities separated by the diaphragm
What are the two main parts of the ventral cavity?
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic (Abdominal) Cavity
What two organs are in the thoracic cavity?
- Lungs
- Heart
Lungs are covered by _____.
Pleura
What is pleura?
Serous membrane Tissues surrounding and lining lungs that secretes fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura to prevent friction.
Where is visceral pleura located?
Directly on lung
Where is parietal pleura located?
Lines the inner surface of the chest wall (Attached to ribcage and diaphragm)
Mediastinum
The space between lungs
What organs are located in the mediastinum?
- Heart
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Great vessels
Pericardium
Tissue surrounding heart
The pericardium has a visceral layer and a parietal layer. Between these layers of pericardium is a _____ cavity with small amount of fluid.
Pericardial
Abdominopelvic cavity is lined by tissues called ________.
Peritoneum
Where is the visceral peritoneum located?
Directly on abdominal organs
Where is the parietal peritoneum located?
Lining the abdominal cavity and covers
Abdominal cavity contains digestive organs like:
Stomach, liver, intestines
Pelvic cavity contains:
Reproductive organs
Homeostasis
The ability to maintain a stable internal environment
What are two regulatory systems?
- Endocrine System
- Nervous System
What are regulatory systems?
Help keep the body’s internal environment stable
What does the endocrine system do?
An endocrine system organ makes a hormone that travels through the blood to act on another part of the body.
What does the nervous system do?
The nervous system controls and coordinates everything in the body. It sends and receives messages between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body to help you move, think, feel, and respond to change around you.
Homeostasis is regulated by _______ and ________ feedback.
Positive and Negative
Negative Feedback
Helps keeps things balanced
Ex. When body temperature is low, the body will _____ to keep body temperature up.
Shiver
Ex. When body temperature is too high, body will ______.
Sweat
What homeostatic mechanism helps restore normal temperature when body temperature is low?
Shivering
What is the purpose of shivering? Sweating?
Help regulate body temperature
Is body temperature primarily controlled by the endocrine system or nervous system?
Nervous System
What homeostatic mechanism helps restore normal glucose when blood sugar is low?
Glucagon
Is that an endocrine or nervous system response?
Endocrine System
Positive Feedback
Initial change causes an even greater change
Why aren’t positive feedback mechanisms very common in the human body?
They amplify changes rather than bringing things back to normal
How does positive feedback work in labor and delivery?
Baby pushes down on the uterus (cervix) of the mother. The pressure sends an impulse to the brain and the brain makes hormone oxytocin that causes the uterus to contract (smaller) . The uterus contracts and baby pushes even more on the cervix. This cycle continues until the baby is born.
How does positive feedback work in blood clotting?
Happens when there is a bleed in blood vessel, platelets stick to opening which release chemicals to make other platelets stick which release more chemicals to attract more platelets.
