Chapter 1 Terminology

Question 1

Human Development

Answer 1

Ways people grow and change across the life span; includes people’s biological, cognitive, psychological, and social functioning

Question 2

Culture

Answer 2

total pattern of a group’s customs beliefs, arts, and technology

Question 3

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Answer 3

in a population, the number of births per women

Question 4

Developed Countries

Answer 4

world’s most economically developed and affluent countries, with the highest median levels of income and education

Question 5

Developing Countries

Answer 5

countries that have lower levels of income and education than developed countries but are experiencing rapid economic growth

Question 6

Individualistic

Answer 6

cultural values such as independence and self-expression

Question 7

Collectivistic

Answer 7

cultural values such as obedience and group harmony

Question 8

Traditional Culture

Answer 8

in developing countries, a rural culture that adheres more closely to cultural traditions than people in urban areas do

Question 9

Globalization

Answer 9

increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication

Question 10

Majority Culture

Answer 10

within a country, the cultural group that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the position of political, economic, intellectual, and media power

Question 11

Contexts

Answer 11

settings and circumstances that contribute to variations in pathways of human development, including SES, gender, and ethnicity, as well as family, school, work, religious institutions, and media

Question 12

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Answer 12

peron’s social class, including education level, income level, and occupational status

Question 13

Ethnicity

Answer 13

group identity that may include components such as cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion, and language

Question 14

Ecological Niche

Answer 14

the environment conditions for which a given species has evolved

Question 15

Ontogenetic

Answer 15

typical pattern of individual development in a species

Question 16

Phylogenetic

Answer 16

pertaining to the development of a species

Question 17

Natural Selection

Answer 17

evolutionary process in which the offspring best adapted to their environment survive to produce offspring of their own

Question 18

Hominin

Answer 18

evolutionary line that led to modern humans

Question 19

Homo Sapiens

Answer 19

species of modern humans

Question 20

Hunter-gatherer

Answer 20

social and economic system in which economic life is based on hunting (mostly by males) and gathering edible plants (mostly by females)

Question 21

Upper Paleolithic Period

Answer 21

period of human history from 50,000 to 10,000 years ago, when distinct human cultures first developed

Question 22

Neolithic period

Answer 22

era of human history from 10,000 to 5,000 years ago, when animals and plants were first domesticated

Question 23

Civilization

Answer 23

forms of human social life, beginning about 5,000 years ago, that include cities, writing, occupational specialization, and states

Question 24

State

Answer 24

centralized political system that is an essential feature of a civilization

Question 25

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 25

branch of psychology that examines how patterns of human functioning and behavior have resulted from adaptations to evolutionary conditions

Question 26

Psychosexual Theory

Answer 26

Freud's theory proposing that sexual desire is the driving force behind human development

Question 27

Psychosocial Theory

Answer 27

Erikson's theory that human development is driven by the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment

Question 28

Ecological Theory

Answer 28

Bronfenbrenner's theory that human development is shaped by five interrelated systems in the social environment

Question 29

Cultural-developmental model

Answer 29

a model for understanding human development that includes three principles: 1) humans always develop within a culture; 2) it is necessary to study people in diverse cultures for a full understanding of human development: and 3) today, cultural identities are becoming more complex around the world

Question 30

Emerging Adulthood

Answer 30

new life stage in developed countries, in between adolescence and young adulthood, in which people are gradually making their way toward taking on adult responsibilities in love and work

Question 31

Scientific Method

Answer 31

process of scientific investigation, involving a series of steps from identifying a research question through forming a hypothesis, selecting research methods and designs, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions

Question 32

Hypothesis

Answer 32

in the scientific process, a researcher's idea about one possible answer to the question proposed for investigation

Question 33

Research Measurement

Answer 33

the approach to collecting data

Question 34

Research Design

Answer 34

the master plan for when, where, and with whom to collect data for the study

Question 35

Sample

Answer 35

subset of a population for which data are collected in a scientific study

Question 36

Population

Answer 36

in research, the entire category of people represented by a saple

Question 37

Procedure

Answer 37

the way a study is conducted and the data are collected

Question 38

Peer Review

Answer 38

in scientific research, the system of having other scientists review a manuscript to judge its merits and worthiness for publication

Question 39

Theory

Answer 39

framework that presents a set of interconnected ideas in an original way and inspires further research

Question 40

Questionnaire

Answer 40

written questions where participants typically select among answers by the researcher

Question 41

Interview

Answer 41

spoken questions where participants typically are free to provide their own answers

Question 42

Qualitative

Answer 42

data that are collected in nonnumerical form

Question 43

Quantitative

Answer 43

data that are collected in numerical form

Question 44

Observations

Answer 44

observations and recordings of people's behaviors either on video or through written records

Question 45

Biological Measurements

Answer 45

includes measures of genetic, hormonal, and brain activity

Question 46

Reliability

Answer 46

consistency of measurements across different occasions

Question 47

Validity

Answer 47

the extent to which research Measurement assesses what it claims to measure

Question 48

Ecological Validity

Answer 48

the extent to which there is a fit between the measurement approach and the everyday life of the people being studied

Question 49

Experimental Design

Answer 49

entails comparing an experimental group that receives treatment of some kind to a control group that receives no treatment

Question 50

Independent Variable

Answer 50

in an experiment, the variable that is different for the experimental group than for the control group

Question 51

Dependent Variable

Answer 51

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured to calculate the results of the experiment by comparing the experimental group to the control group

Question 52

Intervention

Answer 52

program intended to change the attitudes or behavior of the participants

Question 53

Natural Experiment

Answer 53

situation that exists naturally but provides interesting scientific information

Question 54

Ethnographic Research

Answer 54

research Design that involves spending extensive time among the people being studied

Question 55

Case Study

Answer 55

detailed examination of one person or a small number of persons

Question 56

Correlational Design

Answer 56

data collected on variables on a single occasion

Question 57

Correlation

Answer 57

statistical relationship between two variables such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other

Question 58

Cross-sectional Design

Answer 58

data with people of different ages are collected at a single point in time

Question 59

Longitudinal Design

Answer 59

the same persons are followed over time and data are collected on two or more occasions

Question 60

Cohort effect

Answer 60

in scientific research, an explanation of group differences among people of different ages based on the fact that they grew up in different cohorts historical groups

Question 61

Informed consent

Answer 61

standard procedure is scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks, and giving them the opportunity to agree to participate or not