Chapter 1 Tectonic Hazards Flashcards
Name 3 Tectonic Plate Margins and what are there functions?
Destructive- plate margins are moving towards each other
Conservative- where the two plate margins are sliding along each other to create friction to cause a earthquake
Constructive- where the two plate margins moving apart
What are the Primary Effects of an Earthquake
PSD- Nepal?
- 9000 people died 20000 injured- over 8million affected
- 7000 schools destroyed and hospitals overwhelmed
- Cost Damage- US$5billion
- International Airports congested as aid arrived
What are the Secondary Effects of an Earthquakes?
PSD-Nepal
- Avalanches blocking roads and hampering relief efforts
- Earthquake occurred on land so didn’t cause a tsunami
- Avalanches on Mt Everest killed 19people
Nepal- What are the immediate responses to an earthquake?
- Search and Rescue teams, water and medical support arrive quickly from different countries
- Financial aid pledged from many countries
- Half a million tents needed to provide shelter for the homelessness
- Field Hospitals set up to support overcrowded main hospitals
Nepal- What are the Long-Term responses to an earthquake?
- Roads repaired and landslides cleared. Lakes, formed by landslides damming river valleys, need to be emptied to avoid flooding
- Stricter controls on building codes
- Thousands of homeless people to be rehoused and damaged homes repaired. Over 7000 schools to be re built or repaired
How can the risks from tectonic hazards be reduced?
Monitoring- using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as volcanic eruption
Prediction- using historical evidence and monitoring, scientists can make predictions about when and where a tectonic hazards occur
Protection- designing buildings that can withstand tectonic hazards (shutters, shock absorbers)
Planning- identifying and avoiding places most at risk
How does Global Atmospheric Circulation Work?
Air sinking towards the ground it forms high pressure
Air that is rising from the ground surface forms low pressure e.g. The Equator
Winds on the ground are distorted by the earths rotation
Surface winds transferring heat and moisture from one place to another
How do tropical storms form?
1) Tropical Storms above 27C
2) Strong upward movements of draw water vapour up from ocean surface
3) Evaporates air cools as rises and condenses to form towering thunderstorms
4) air condenses it releases heat which powers the storm
5) Smaller thunderstorms join together to form a giant spinning storm
6) develops the eye/ outer eye is most energy and weather is most strong
7) when moves along it prevents prevailing winds
8) Reaching land it begins to decreases
Impacts on Weather Hazards:
Typhoon Haiyan-
Primary Effects:
220,000 inhabitants left homeless
Storm Surges at 5meters high 90% of Tacloban city is destroyed
Typhoon destroyed 30,000 fishing boats
Secondary Effects:
14million people effected 6million lost source of income
Power Supplies in some areas cut off for a month
Looting and violence broke out
Weathers Hazards in the Uk:
Somerset Levels: Social: 600 houses flooded 16 farms evacuated Power supplies cut off Economic: 14,000 agricultural area underwater for 3-4 weeks 1000 livestock evacuated Bristol to Bridgewater railway line closed Environment: Sewage contaminated and other pollutants e.g oils and chemical Huge debris cleared
Evidence of Climate Change
Shrinking glaciers and melting ice:
Ice and glaciers retreating, estimate says by 2035 it might be completely disappear.
Rising Sea Levels:
Global Sea Levels rises between 10-20cm in past 100 years
Temperature rises freshwater melts more ice and glaciers melt so waters flow
Ocean warms up the volume expands
Seasonal Changes:
Tree Flowering and bird migration is advancing
Natural Causes of Climate Change:
Eccentricity: 100,000yrs occurs elliptical and back to circular
Axial Tilt: 41,000yrs occurs two extremes from 21.5 - 24.5 moves back and forth causing night and day
Precession: 26,000yrs occurs spinning top (wobble) creates long days and long nights eg Norway
Solar Activity: 11yrs occurs sun spots most energy of heat Ray occur to a minimum to a maximum eg solar flares
What are the human causes of climate change?
Nitrous Oxides: small concentrations in the atmosphere are up to 300times more effective than C02
E.g. Car exhaust power stations
CO2: 30% of CO2 has increased since 1850 it enhances greenhouse effects
E.g. Burning fossil fuels deforestation and burning wood
Methane: effective of absorbing heat 20% enhancement on greenhouse effect
E.g. Farm livestocks rice farming
Managing the Impacts of Climate Change:
To reduce carbon emissions many countries use sources like hydroelectricity nuclear power and solar wind tides these don’t emit large amount of CO2. Some are renewable and last longer. Produce 15% of renewable resources by 2020. power companies encouraged to use renewable resources
Carbon Capture:
Uses tech to capture CO2 from using fossil fuels in electric generations and industrial processes. Capture 90% of CO2 that would otherwise enter the atmosphere
International Agreements:
Paris Agreements
How do tropical storms form?
1) Tropical Storms above 27C
2) Strong upward movements of draw water vapour up from ocean surface
3) Evaporates air cools as rises and condenses to form towering thunderstorms
4) air condenses it releases heat which powers the storm
5) Smaller thunderstorms join together to form a giant spinning storm
6) develops the eye/ outer eye is most energy and weather is most strong
7) when moves along it prevents prevailing winds
8) Reaching land it begins to decreases
