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Cell Biology > Chapter 1 Study Guide Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Study Guide Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the seven characteristics of life?

A
  1. Highly organized/made of cells
  2. Homeostasis
  3. Reproduction
  4. Growth and Development
  5. Take energy and matter from the environment
  6. Respond to stimuli
  7. Adaptation
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2
Q

What is necessary for life to emerge on a planet?

A

Liquid water, Carbon, and Energy.

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3
Q

What is NASA’s definition for life?

A

“A self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution.”

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4
Q

What is the Miller-Urey Experiment?

A

Methane, Ammonia, and Hydrogen gases were concentrated and then an electrical current was delivered to it to create organic matter.

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5
Q

What substance could replace carbon on another planet?

A

Silicone

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6
Q

What substance could replace water on another planet?

A

Ammonia

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7
Q

What are the steps in the origin of life/cells?

A
  1. Formation of organic molecules in primitive earth atmosphere
  2. Formation of macromolecules
  3. Macromolecules direct their own synthesis - RNA and Ribozyme (Tom Cech and Sid Altman)
  4. Enclosure of self-replication RNA in membrane
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8
Q

What are the steps for the origin of eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Acquisition of membrane - enclosed sub-cellular organelles (mito and chloro)
  2. Development of multi-cellular organisms
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9
Q

What components are necessary for life to emerge on a planet and why?

A

Water (liquid) - for chemical reactions
Carbon - forms chemical bonds (single, double, triple)
Energy -

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10
Q

What substance could replace water on another planet?

A

Ammonia

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11
Q

Who was Matthias Schleiden? And what did he say?

A

1839 Botanist. “All plants are made of cells”

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12
Q

Who was Theodore Schwann? What did he say?

A

1839 Zoologist. “All animals are made of cells”

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13
Q

Who was Rudolf Virchow? What did he say?

A

—— “omnis cellula a cellula”

All cells come from preexisting cells.

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14
Q

What type of mutation is sickle cell anemia?

A

Autosomal recessive - missense.

E6V

Hemoglobin mutation.

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A
  • Tissues are starved of O2
  • Sores develop
  • the RBCs are sickle shaped and can clog arteries
  • leads to pain and strokes
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16
Q

What kind of mutation is Marfan Syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant - missense.

A705T

Fibrillin-1

17
Q

How rare is Marfan Syndrome?

A

1 in 500

18
Q

What are the symptoms of Marfan Syndrome?

A
  • Long arms
  • ct of aorta can become defective and lead to a leak and death
  • near sightedness
  • Abraham Lincoln might have had this.
19
Q

What type of cell is Escherichia coil?

A

Prokaryote

20
Q

Which model organism doubles every 20 minutes and has the same genetic instructions as humans?

A

Escherichia coil

21
Q

What type of cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer’s yeast)?

A

Eukaryote

22
Q

Which model organism was used to gain an understanding of the cell cycle and has highly conserved proteins?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

23
Q

What are the reasons Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered a model organism?

A
  • rapids reproduction
  • easy and cheap to grow
  • carries on basic tasks of eukaryotes
  • cell cycle understanding was gained
  • has highly conserved proteins
24
Q

Which model organism gave us an understanding for crop plants and it’s genes have counterparts in agriculture species?

A

Arabidupsis thaliana (sp)

25
Q

Why is Arabidupsis thaliana considered a model organism?

A
  • very close evolutionary relationship with flowering plants
  • 1000s of offspring in 8-10 weeks
  • genes have counterparts in agriculture species
  • given us understanding of crop plants
26
Q

What mutation that occurs in neurofibromatosis?

A

Autosomal Dominant - Nonsense

NF-2 gene is mutated, protein neurofibromin (tumor suppressor)

27
Q

What are the symptoms of neurofibromatosis?

A

Tumors develop from spots on the skin

28
Q

What is the mutation that occurs in retinoblastoma?

A

Autosomal Dominant - nonsense

Gene RB1 (tumor suppressor)

29
Q

What are the symptoms of retinoblastoma?

A

Tumor in the retina of eye.

30
Q

What is the mutation that occurs in Huntington’s Disease?

A

Autosomal dominant - insertion

Normal gene results when CAG repeats 35, but if it is repeated less, then it is the disease.

Normal gene: Htt, protein huntingtin

31
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s Disease?

A
  • Fatality
  • Deteriorates physical well-being as well as mental well-being.
  • Breaks down nerve cells
32
Q

What is the mutation of Hutchinson-Guilford Progeria?

A

Silent mutation

G608G

Mutation is noted as the nucleotide cytosine with thymine at position 1824.

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Hutchinson-Guilford Progeria?

A
  • Severe atherosclerosis in childhood

- Increased risk of stroke or heart attack at young age

Cell Biology (2 decks)

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