Chapter 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Tissue
as cells differentiate and migrate to new locations, these cells form selective adhesion to other cells to produce multicellular structures. In this manner, the cells of the body arrange themselves in various combinations to form a hierarchy of organized structures. These organized, multicellular structures are called tissues, and tissues are made up of cells with similar properties. The four general categories of tissues are muscle tissues, connective tissues, nervous tissue and epithelial tissue
Organ
Made up of a combination of two or more types of tissue. Examples of organs include the heart, kidney and liver.
Organ System
A group of organs that work together to perform specific functions, such as the urinary system.
Circulatory System
transport of blood throughout the body
Digestive System
digestive and absorption of nutrients and water, and elimination of wastes
Endocrine System
Regulation and coordination of many activities in the body, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, blood pressure, water and electrolyte balance, and others
Immune System
defense against pathogens
Integumentary System
protection against injury and dehydration; defense against pathogens; regulation of body temperature
Lymphatic System
collection of extracellular fluid for return to blood; participation in immune defenses; absorption of fats from digestive system
Musculoskeletal System
support, protection, and movement of the body; production of blood cells
Nervous System
regulation and coordination of many activities in the body; detection of and response to changes in the internal and external environments; states of consciousness; learning; memory; emotion; others
Reproductive System
o Male: production of sperm; transfer of sperm to female
o Female: production of egg; provision of a nutritive environment for the developing embryo and fetus; nutrition of the infant
Urinary System
regulation of plasma composition through controlled excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Describe function, location and characteristics
attached through other structure to bones and produce movements of the limbs or trunk. They are also attached to skin, such as muscles producing facial expressions. Contraction of skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.
Cardiac Tissue
Describe function, location and characteristics
cardiac muscle tissues are only found in the heart. When cardiac muscle cells generate force, the heart contracts and consequently pumps blood into the circulation - INVOLUNTARY
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Describe function, location and characteristics
surround many of the tubes in the body – blood vessels, for example, or the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract, airways to the lungs, stomach, gallbladder, urinary bladder – and their contraction decreases the diameter or shortens the length of these tubes - INVOLUNTARY
What are the two main classes of cells in the nervous system?
neurons and glial cells…
- There are two broad classes of cells in the nervous system: neurons, which process information, and glia, which provide the neurons with mechanical and metabolic support.
- Unlike most neurons, glial cells retain the capacity to divide throughout life. Consequently, many CNS tumors actually originate from glial cells rather than from
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
- Protection for the underlying tissues from radiation, desiccation, toxins, and physical trauma;
- Absorption of substances in the digestive tract lining with distinct modifications.
- Regulation and excretion of chemicals between the underlying tissues and the body cavity.
- The secretion of hormones into the blood vascular system. The secretion of sweat, mucus, enzymes, and other products that are delivered by ducts glandular epithelium
- The detection of sensation
Single Squamous Epithelium
single cell layer, flat and scale-like. Close fitting and flattened laterally, look like a fried egg and are found where filtration occurs (lungs, kidney). Two simple squamous epithelia in the body have special names reflecting their location
simple cuboidal epithelium
single cell layer, box-like shape. Functions include secretion and absorption, located in small ducts of glands and kidney tubules.
simple columnar epithelium
single cell layer, column-shaped. A single tall layer of closely packed cells that line the digestive tract from the stomach to the rectum. Functions also include absorption and secretion. They contain dense microvilli on their apical surface. Some simple columnar epithelia contain cilia on their free surface.
stratified squamous epithelium
two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other, flat, scale-like tissue. This is the most widespread stratified epithelia. This epithelia plays a protective role. Its apical surface cells are squamous, whereas the deeper layers may be either columnar or cuboidal. Stratified squamous forms the external part of the skin and extends into every opening that’s continuous with the skin
stratified cuboidal epithelium
two of more layers of cells (cube shaped) stacked on top of each other, somewhat rare in the human body. Mainly found in the ducts of glands (sweat glands, mammary glands) and typically has two layers of cuboidal cells.
stratified columnar epithelium
two or more layers of column-shaped cells stacked on top of each other, also rare in the human body. Small amounts are found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining of some glandular ducts. Some occur in transition areas between other types of epithelia
ciliated columnar epithelium
These microtubules, in combination with a contractile protein, produce movements of the cilia. In hollow organs lined with ciliated epithelium, the cilia wave back and forth, propelling the luminal contents along the surface of the epithelium. An example of this is the cilia-mediated movement of mucus up the trachea, which helps remove inhaled particles that could damage the lungs.
What is the basement membrane and what is its function?
• The basement membrane is an extracellular protein layer in which epithelial cells rest on. The basement membrane helps to anchor the epithelial tissue.
Which side of an epithelial cell is the basolateral side? Which is the apical side?
The side of the epithelial cell anchored to the basement membrane is referred to as the basolateral side. The opposite side the typically faces the interior side is referred to as the apical side.
What are the different types of connective tissue? Where can we find each type? What is the function of each type?
Some connective-tissue cells are found in the loose meshwork of cells and fibers underlying most epithelial layers; this is called loose connective tissue. Another type called dense connective tissue includes the tough, rigid tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments. Other types of connective tissue include bone, cartilage, and adipose (fat-storing) tissue. Finally, blood is a type of fluid connective tissue. This is because the cells in the blood have the same embryonic origin as other connective tissue,
and because the blood connects the various organs and tissues of the body through the delivery of nutrients, removal of wastes, and transport of chemical signals from one part of the body to another.
