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Unit 3/4 psych > Chapter 1 Science Skills > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Science Skills Flashcards

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1
Q

Aim

A

Purpose of the study

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2
Q

Variable

A

Something that can be measured or manipulated

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3
Q

Independent Variable

A

What is being manipulated

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

What is being measured

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5
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

Not wanted in an experiment

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

Prediction that identifies the population, and connection between the 2 variables.

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7
Q

Between Subjects Design

A

People in seperate groups undergo only 1 experimental condition

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8
Q

Within Subject Design

A

People undergo both experimental conditions

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9
Q

Mixed Method Design

A

Combination of Within/Between
-Measures numeric and worded

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10
Q

Case Study

A

In-depth study on something

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11
Q

Observational Study

A

Observing an environment in a realistic setting

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12
Q

Correlational Study

A

Relationship between 2 variable

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13
Q

Literature Reviews

A

Secondary data to answer a question, conduct an investigation to gather primary data

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14
Q

Simulation

A

Representation of the real thing

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15
Q

Population

A

Group of people in the focus of the study

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16
Q

Sample

A

Subset of the population
-Must be representative
-Free of as much bias or error
-Size increases, so does time and cost

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17
Q

Random Sampling

A

Gives a population an equal chance to be sampled

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18
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

Quickest and easiest way to select sample

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19
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

Breaks groups in subgroups, then selects people from those groups in the same proportion they appear in the population

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20
Q

Random Allocation

A

Everyone in sample as equal chance of being allocated

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21
Q

Control group

A

Not exposed to IV

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22
Q

Experimental Group

A

Exposed to IV

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23
Q

Controlled Variable

A

Stays the same in experiment

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24
Q

Extraneous variables examples

A

Non-standardised procedures
-Individual Participant differences
-Order effects
-Experimenter effects
-Placebo effects

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25
Q

Confounding variable

A

Does not effect IV

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26
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

When participants are not aware of the condition they have been allocated to.

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27
Q

Double-blind

A

when both the experimenter and participants do not know what condition is affecting who

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28
Q

Personal Errors

A

Caused by researcher due to miscalculations, observer bias and personal mistakes

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29
Q

Random error

A

Causes non-pattern variations in results
-Affects precision

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30
Q

Systematic error

A

Impacts all results the same way
-Affects accuracy

31
Q

Primary Data

A

Sourced firsthand

32
Q

Primary data advantages

A

-More specific/detailed
-Collected solely for your research
-Allows for future research to use your data

33
Q

Primary data disadvantages

A

Takes more to obtain
-More restrictions on sample size

34
Q

Secondary data

A

Sourced from someone else’s research

35
Q

secondary data advantages

A

-Cheap and easy to obtain
-Large amounts available
-Can be gathered over long periods of time

36
Q

secondary data disadvantages

A

-Is not always up to date
-May not be specific to research

37
Q

Qualitative data

A

Worded description on why something happened
-Hard to compare the scale

38
Q

Quantitative data

A

Numerical and categorical data to compare
-May not tell full story

39
Q

Subjective data

A

Personal qualitative experience that can only be collected from someone
-Hard to compare
-May not be truthfully accurate

40
Q

objective data

A

Directly observed quantitative
-Can be seen and compared
-Don’t know why it happened

41
Q

descriptive statistics

A

mathematical calculations that describe, organise and summarise data.
-Cannot tell if data is meaningful

42
Q

Mean

A

Average
-good for large amounts of data

43
Q

median

A

middle value
-good for outliers

44
Q

mode

A

most reoccurring value
-good for patterns

45
Q

range

A

difference between highest and lowest values

46
Q

Stndrd deviation

A

how far scores are from average

47
Q

Discrete data

A

Separate and individual

48
Q

continuous data

A

occurs continuously

49
Q

systematic error

A

due to results consistently differing from the true value.

50
Q

random error

A

unsystematic and happen by chance

51
Q

uncertainty

A

lack of exact knowledge and confidence of the data being measured.

52
Q

inferential statistics

A

mathematical statistics that are used to make judgments and conclusions from data.

53
Q

validity

A

extent a tool measures what it is supposed to.

54
Q

internal validity

A

Are the tools effectively assessing the content we think they are assessing?

55
Q

external validity

A

Is the study done in a way that findings can be applied to the population?

56
Q

Reliability

A

the extent to which a tool measures something consistently each time it is measured.

57
Q

repeatability

A

the research can be repeated to produce the same results

58
Q

reproducibility

A

when research can be reproduced under different conditions

59
Q

conclusion

A

a statement that addresses the research question in the context of the findings.

60
Q

generalisation

A

a statement that relates the findings of the investigation to the wider population.

61
Q

Ethical concepts

A

Beneficence, non-maleficence, integrity, justice, respect

62
Q

Beneficence (Benefits)

A

The consideration of the maximising benefits from the research whilst decreasing the risks.

63
Q

non-maleficence (no-harm)

A

The idea that any harm should not be proportionate to the gains made from research.

64
Q

integrity (honest)

A

The commitment to search for knowledge, and then honestly report findings.

65
Q

justice (access)

A

The fair distribution and access of the benefits from research to everyone

66
Q

respect (value)

A

The belief that everyone has value

67
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

Voluntary participation, informed consent, withdrawal rights, debriefing, deception, confidentiality

68
Q

Voluntary paticipation

A

allowing participants to willingly and freely sign up to be involved.

69
Q

informed consent

A

participants to understand the risks and nature, before giving consent.

70
Q

withdrawal rights

A

allow participants to leave the experiment anytime

71
Q

debriefing

A

informs the participants about the aims, results and conclusions, and provides psychological support

72
Q

deception

A

participants must know the purpose of the study, unless it may impact their behaviour. If used, thorough debriefing must be done.

73
Q

confidentiality

A

participants have a right to privacy and protection, and the security of their results must be maintained

Unit 3/4 psych (3 decks)

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