Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 2114 Big T > Chapter 1: Science of human development > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Science of human development Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Ask Questions
  2. Develop Hypothesis
  3. Test Hypothesis
  4. Draw Conclusion
  5. Report the Result
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a study, usually using different participants (diff. age, SES, culture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nature

A
  • traits, capacities, and limitations inherited at conception are nature
  • influence of the genes that people inherit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nurture

A
  • nurture includes all environmental influences that occur after conception, from the mother’s nutrition while pregnant to the culture of the nation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY

A

The idea that people vary in how sensitive (for better or worse) they are to particular experiences, either because of their genes or because of their past experiences. (Also called differential sensitivity.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dandelions

A

hardy, growing and thriving in good soil or bad, with or without ample sun and rain. They are not susceptible to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Orchids

A

only thrive in perfect condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Life-Span Perspective

A

An approach to the study of human development that includes all phases, from birth to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Each aspect of life is:

A

Multidirectional
- physical health, intellectual growth, social interaction
- up, down, stable erratic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Critical period

A

Time when a particular development must occur. If it does not, as when something toxic prevents that growth, then it cannot develop later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensetive period

A

A time when a particular developmental growth is most likely to occur, although it may still happen later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of multicontextual aspects

A

the social context:
historic
socioeconomic
cultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ecological-systems approach

A

A perspective on human development that considers all of the influences from the various contexts of development. (Later renamed bioecological theory.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cohort

A

People born within the same historical period who therefore move through life together, experiencing the same events, new technologies, and cultural shifts at the same ages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

A person’s position in society as determined by income, occupation, education, and place of residence. (Sometimes called social class.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Culture

A

system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social construction

A

An idea that is built on shared perceptions, not on objective reality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

difference-equals-deficit error

A
  • The mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior
    -leads people to believe that people from other cultures are to be pitied, feared, criticized, and changed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ethnic Group

A

People whose ancestors were born in the same region. Usually they share a language, culture, and/or religion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Intersectionality

A

The idea that the various identities need to be combined. This is especially important in determining modes of privilege and discrimination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Plasticity

A

The idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change.
- The idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change
- A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dynamic System Approach

A

A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Multi-directional

A

A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences

24
Q

Multi-contextual

A

Human lives are embedded in many contexts, including historical conditions, economic constraints, and family patterns

25
Q

Multi-cultural

A

Many cultures — not just between nations but also within them — affect how people develop

26
Q

Plastic

A

Every individual, and every trait within each individual, can be altered at any point in the life span. Change is ongoing, although it is neither random nor easy

27
Q

Psychoanalitc Theory

A
  • By Freud
  • A theory of human development that contends that irrational, unconscious drives and motives underlie human behavior.
  • development in the first six years affects personality, impulses, and emotions lifelong
28
Q

Freud (psychosexual)

Oral Stage

A
  • Birth to 1
  • The lips, tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby’s body, and sucking and feeding are the most stimulating activities.
29
Q

Freud (psychosexual)

Anal Stage

A
  • 1-3
  • The anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby’s body, and toilet training is the most important activity.
30
Q

Freud (psychosexual)

Phallic Stage

A
  • 3-6
  • The phallus (the Latin word for “penis”) is the most important body part, and pleasure is derived from genital stimulation. Boys are proud of their penises; girls wonder why they don’t have them.
31
Q

Freud (psychosexual)

Latency

A
  • 6-11
  • Not really a stage, latency is an interlude. Sexual needs are quiet; psychic energy flows into sports, schoolwork, and friendship.
32
Q

Freud (psychosexual)

Genital Stage

A
  • Adolscence
  • The genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in heterosexual relationships.
  • Freud believed that the genital stage lasts throughout adulthood. He also said that the goal of a healthy life is “to love and to work.”
33
Q

Eriksons 8 stages

A

Trust v mistrust
Autonomy v shame
Initiative v guilt
Industry v. Inferiority
Identity v. Role diffusion
Intimacy v. Isolation
Generativity v stagnation
Integrity v despair

34
Q

Behaviourism

A

A theory of human development that studies observable actions. Behaviorism is also called learning theory because it describes how people learn to do what they do

35
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

When a living creature learns to associate a neutral stimulus (the sound) with a meaningful stimulus (the food), gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one

36
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

The learning process that reinforces or punishes behavior. (Also called instrumental conditioning.)

37
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

A theory that emphasizes the influence of other people. Even without reinforcement, people learn via role models. (Also called observational learning.)

38
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

A theory of human development that focuses on how people think. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

39
Q

Piaget (who, when, what)

A
  • Cognitive theorist
  • began by observing his own three infants and later studied thousands of older children
  • realized that babies are curious and thoughtful, trying to understand their experiences
40
Q

Periods of cognitive development

Sensorimotor

A
  • Birth to 2

Characteristics
- Infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world. Learning is active, without reflection.

Major Development
- Infants learn that objects still exist when out of sight (object permanence) and begin to think through mental actions.

41
Q

Periods of cognitive development

Preoperational

A
  • 2 to 6

Characteristics
- Children think symbolically, with language, yet children are egocentric, perceiving from their own perspective.

Major Development
- The imagination flourishes, and language becomes a significant means of self-expression and social influence.

42
Q

Periods of Cognitive Development

Concrete operational

A
  • 6 to 11

Characteristics
- Children understand and apply logic. Thinking is limited by direct experience.

Major Development
- By applying logic, children grasp concepts of conservation, number, classification, and many other scientific ideas.

43
Q

Periods of Cognitive Development

Formal operational

A
  • 12 through adulthood

Characteristics
-Adolescents and adults use abstract and hypothetical concepts. They can use analysis, not only emotion.

Major Development
- Ethics, politics, and social and moral issues become fascinating as adolescents and adults use abstract, theoretical reasoning.

44
Q

How to achieve cognitive equilibrium?

A

interpret new experiences through the lens of preexisting ideas.

45
Q

Three Methods of Science

A

Observation
Experiments
Survey

46
Q

Scientific Observation

A

Watching and recording participants’ behavior in a systematic and objective manner — in a natural setting, in a laboratory, or in searches of archival data.

  • Observations can occur in a naturalistic setting such as a home, or in a laboratory, where scientists observe what people do.
47
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which the researcher adds one variable (called the independent variable) and then observes the effect on another variable (called the dependent variable) in order to learn if the independent variable causes change in the dependent variable.

  • typically impose a particular treatment on a group of participants or expose them to a specific condition and then note how they respond.
48
Q

Survey

A

A research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questionnaires, or some other means.

  • information is collected from a large number of people by interview, questionnaire, or some other means
49
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

A research design that compares people who differ in age but not in other important characteristics.

Ex.when reading ability is compared between children who are 5, 8, and 11 years old, it seems that until third grade children are “learning to read,” and then from age 8 onward they are “reading to learn.”

50
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

A research design that follows the same individuals over time.

51
Q

Cross-Sequantial Research

A

A hybrid study multiple groups of people of different ages (a cross-sectional approach), follow them over the years (a longitudinal approach), and then combine the results.

52
Q

Correlation

A

Usually a number between +1.0 and −1.0 that indicates whether and how much two variables are related. Correlation indicates whether an increase in one variable will increase or decrease another variable. Correlation indicates only that two variables are somehow related, not that one variable causes the other to increase or decrease.

positive if both variables tend to increase together or decrease together, negative if one variable tends to increase while the other decreases, and zero if no connection is evident

53
Q

Correlation

A

only that the variables are connected somehow
- one could cause the other

54
Q

Quantitive Research

A

Research that provides data expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales.

55
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Research that considers individual qualities instead of quantities (numbers)

  • interested in understanding how people interpret their experiences, how they construct their worlds

PSY 2114 Big T (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions