Chapter 1: Role and Scope of Practice Flashcards
What is “scope of practice”?
What you are legally and ethically allowed to do given your credentials
Most health benefits occur with at least __________ a week of moderate-intensity physical activity, such as brisk walking. Additional benefits occur with more physical activity.
150 or 75 mins of vigorous activity. Also 2+ days weight lifting
What is the primary purpose of a fitness certification?
To protect the public from harm
To renew certification for a new two-year cycle, ACE-certified professionals must complete a minimum of _____ hours of continuing education and maintain a current certificate in ________________ and, if living in North America, automated external defibrillation.
20; cardiopulmonary resuscitation
What are the 4/5 components of physical fitness?
1) Muscular fitness:
Muscular strength: 1 rep max
Muscular endurance: contracting muscle against force for an extended amount of time
2) Cardiovascular endurance: the ability to efficiently use the heart and the lungs to pump blood to all working muscles
3) Flexibility: ability to move joints through their normal ROM
4) Body composition: the makeup of the body in terms of relative percentage of fat free mass and body fat
5) (sometimes) Mind Body Vitality: Stresses the importance of mental and emotional health on overall well-being
What is aerobic exercise
Aerobic exercise is large-muscle rhythmic activities (walking, jogging, swimming, cross-country skiing) that can be sustained without undue fatigue for at least 20 minutes
What is the MOST important factor for an individual who is starting an exercise program?
Readiness to change behavior related to exercise
Which personal attribute is the MOST reliable predictor of an individual’s participation in an exercise program?
Past exercise program participation
What is the MOST common excuse used by people when dropping out of an exercise program?
lack of time
Benefits of exercise
1: An overall lowered risk of diseases for all age ranges.
2: Getting at least 150 minutes of exercise per week (at moderate intensity) to receive these benefits.
What are 3 factors affecting PA participation?
1) Personal attributes:
Demographics
Health status
Activity history (most important)
Psychological traits
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs
ex: if client has history of stopping their programs, you can use that info when designing this one by understanding WHY- if bc of boredom, include variety of activities + consistently ask for their feedback
ex: if due to not enough time, make faster workouts/provide exercises they can do outside gym
2) Environmental factors:
Access to facilities
Time (most common reason for not adhering to program is perception of not having enough time- important to learn why they think that and make it a priority for them)
Social support
3) Physical Activity:
Intensity (people who participate in moderate intensity activities are more likely to stick to program than people in high-intensity programs)
Injury (higher intensity = greater chance for injuries
What are the four stages of client relationships?
RIPA
1) Rapport: Building respect and trust
Creating positive first impression (clean/organized facility, dressed appropriately, friendly, confident, eye contact, body position)
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
2) Investigation: Gather info from client: Health history, lifestyle factors (effective listening skills)
Encouraging: use short words/phrases like I know what you mean to encourage them
Paraphrasing: restating essence of context
Questioning: open ended qs: you said you quit exercising last year. How come?
Reflecting: it sounds like you have exercised in the past best with a friend (differs from paraphrasing in that feelings/attitudes may be included)
Summarizing:
3) Planning: setting goals, discussing alternatives (other ways to achieve goals), formulating a plan, evaluating exercise program
SMART goals: Specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound - completion date
ex: lose weight needs to be turned into SMART goal: I want to lose 10 pounds in 8 weeks (product goal bc its something your client will achieve)
ex: I want to start exercising: I will walk in my neighborhood 3x/week for 20 minutes (Process goal bc its something your client does)
Motivational Interviewing may help clients feel the need to become more active by creating awareness that a sedentary lifestyle is harmful
4) Action: teaching workouts w/ “tell”, “show,” “do,” method, setting up self-monitoring systems, individualizing teaching techniques, provide feedback , modeling, behavioral contracts (could be problematic if goals set too high)
What are SMART goals?
Specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-bound - completion date. ex: lose weight needs to be turned into SMART goal: I want to lose 10 pounds in 8 weeks
Product vs Process goal?
I want to lose 10 pounds in 8 weeks (product goal bc its something your client will achieve)
ex: I want to start exercising: I will walk in my neighborhood 3x/week for 20 minutes (Process goal bc its something your client does)
What are the 3 stages of motor learning?
1) Cognitive stage of leaning: brain activity to learn movements. PTs should use “tell, show, do” method
2) Associative stage of learning: clients begin to master movements and are ready for more specific feedback
3) Autonomous stage of learning: clients are performing motor skills effectively/naturally
too much explanation can be harmful
Which of the following is MOST effective in helping a client develop program adherence?
Having the client self-monitor by keeping an exercise journal (creating autonomy)
What method is the most effective when teaching a client a new exercise?
“Tell, show, do”
Health belief model:
people participate in healthy behaviors based on perceived threat regarding a health problem and then weighing pros/cons of changing behavior
perceived threat is influenced by
1) perceived seriousness
2) perceived susceptibility
3) cues to action (physical symptoms or environmental that motivation people to make a change)
ex: if doctor tells someone to exercise to reduce cholesterol, if they don’t see their health issues as a problem, they are less likely to follow through
Self-Efficacy + 6 sources through which it is developed
A person’s belief about his/her ability to succeed developed through 6 sources:
1) Past performance (MOST IMPORTANT)
2) Vicarious experiences - other people’s experiences
3) verbal persuasion - positive feedback
4) physiological state - how client feels during exercise
5) emotional state/mood - are they feeling nervous or positive?
6) imagined experiences - preconceived ideas of what the program will look like
People with higher self-efficacy are typically more motivated.
Transtheoretical Model of Change: 4 components:
1) stages of change 2) how people move through those stages 3) self-efficacy 4) decisional balance (pros/cons of PA)
1) Precontemplation: sedentary/not considering exercise: goal of this stage is to make them aware of their inactivity by educating them on benefits of PA and risks of no PA
2) Contemplation: still sedentary but beginning to be aware of importance of exercise, but they’re not yet ready to commit: goal of this stage is to get them involved in some type of activity by giving them strategies about how they could start, such as gyms/free trial passes offered nearby
3) Preparation: They begin in some PA, but not consistent: goal is to make it consistent by encouraging/supporting them and giving them opportunities to be PA
4) Action: Participating in regular PA for less than 6 months: goal is to maintain PA by educating about relapses and what might contribute towards one
5) Maintenance: Participating in regular PA for more than 6 months: goal is to prevent relapse by keeping PA enjoyable/reward system
Operant conditioning?
Behaviors are influenced by consequences:
Antecedents (stimuli that precedes behavior)
Behavior
Consequence (reinforcement/punishment)
