Chapter 1 Review Flashcards
Levels of Body Organization and Body Systems
1) The human body consists of six levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal.
2) Cells are the basic structural and functional living units of an organism and the smallest living units in the human body.
3) Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
4) Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
5) Systems consist of related organs that have a common function.
6) An organism is any living individual.
7) Table 1.2 introduces the 11 systems of the human organism: the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive. urinary, and reproductive systems.
Life Processes
1) All living organisms have certain characteristics that set them apart from nonliving things.
2) Among the life processes in humans are metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.
Basic Anatomical Terminology
1) Descriptions of any region of the body assume the body is in the anatomical position, in which the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the sides, with the palms turned forward.
2) A body lying face down is prone, and a body lying face up is supine.
3) Regional names are terms given to specific regions of the body. The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
4) Within the regions, specific body parts have anatomical names and corresponding common names. Examples are thoracic (chest), nasal (nose), and carpal (wrist).
5) Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas. A sagittal plane divides the body or organ into right and left sides. A mid-sagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left sides; a parasagittal plane divides the body into unequal right and left sides; a frontal plane divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions; a transverse plane divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions; and an oblique plane passes through the body or an organ at an angle.
6) Sections are cuts of the body or one of its organs made along a plane. Sections are named according to the plane along which the cut is made, and include transverse, frontal, and sagittal.
7) Directional terms indicate the relationship of one part of the body to another.
8) Exhibit 1.A summarizes commonly used directional terms.
Body Cavities
1) Spaces in the body that house and support internal organs are called body cavities.
2) The cranial cavity contains the brain, and the vertebral canal contains the spinal cord. The meninges are protective tissues that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
3) The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. Viscera are organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The membrane of a serous sac lines the wall of the cavity and covers the outside of the viscera.
4) Within the thoracic cavity are two pleurae, each of which surrounds one lung.
5) The central portion of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum. It is located between the medial wall of each pleural cavity and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. It contains all thoracic viscera except the lungs. The pericardium surrounds the heart.
6) The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into a superior abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity.
7) Viscera of the abdominal cavity include the kidneys, adrenal glands, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
8) Viscera of the pelvic cavity include the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive systems.
9) Sac-like serous membranes line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and cover the organs within them. They include the pleurae, associated with the lungs; the pericardium, associated with the heart; and the peritoneum, associated with the abdominal cavity.
10) Figure 1.6 summarizes the body cavities and their membranes.
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
1) To describe the location of organs easily, the abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into nine regions by drawing four imaginary lines (left midclavicular, right midclavicular, subcostal, and transtubercular).
2) The names of the abdominopelvic regions are right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac (inguinal), hypogastric (pubic), and left iliac (inguinal).
3) To locate the site of an abdominopelvic abnormality in clinical studies, the abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into quadrants by passing an imaginary transverse line (transumbilical) and a midsagittal line (median line) through the umbilicus.
4) The names of the abdominopelvic quadrants are right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).
The Human Body and Disease
1) A disorder is a general term for any abnormality of structure and/or function. A disease is an illness with a definite set of symptoms and signs.
2) Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer. Signs are objective changes that can be observed and/or measured.
Medical Imaging
1) Medical imaging refers to techniques and processes used to create images of the human body. They allow visualization of internal structures to diagnose abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology.
2) Table 1.3 describes and illustrates several medical imaging techniques.
Measuring the Human Body
1) Measurements involving time, weight, temperature, size, and volume are used in clinical situations.
2) Measurements in this book are given in metric units; in many cases these are followed by U.S. equivalents in parentheses.
Anatomy Defined
1) Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among structures; physiology is the science of body functions.
2) Branches of anatomy include embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, surface anatomy, sectional anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, and pathological anatomy.
