Chapter 1 Review

Question 0

Is a way of reasoning, along with collection of os and methods, designed to help us understand the world

Answer 0

Statistics (the discipline)

Question 1

A collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing,presenting analyzing, and drawing conclusion based on the data

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

Are particular calculations made from data

Answer 2

Statistics (plural)

Question 3

Values with a context (datum is singular form)

Answer 3

Data

Question 4

The complete collection of data from EVERY element in a population

Answer 4

Census

Question 5

A sub-collection of elements drawn from a population (must be collected randomly to be useful)

Answer 5

Sample

Question 6

Observations (such as measurements, genders, and survey responses) that have been collected

Answer 6

Data

Question 7

A numerical measurement describing some characteristics of population

Answer 7

Parameter

Question 8

A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample

Answer 8

Statistic

Question 9

Values that answer questions about the quantity or amount (with units) of what is being measured(example:income, height, weight)

Answer 9

Quantitative data

Question 10

(Qualitative data) can be separated into different categories that are often distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristic (examples:sex,race, zip codes, ethnicity)

Answer 10

Categorical data

Question 11

Result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps (often time has units of measure attached)(examples: the amount of rainfall in Zelie this past month)

Answer 11

Continuous Data

Question 12

Characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only (cannot be arranged in ordering scheme)

Answer 12

Nominal

Question 13

Can be arranged in some order, but the differences between the data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless

Answer 13

Ordinal

Question 14

Similar to the ordinal level, but the difference between any TWO data values is MEANINGFUL. However, there is NO NATURAL ZERO starting point (where none of the quantity is present)

Answer 14

Interval

Question 15

Similar to interval, but HAD a NATURAL ZERO starting point (where zero indicates none of the quantity is present)

Answer 15

Ratio

Question 16

Are used to determine the tv shows we arch and the products we buy

Answer 16

Poll Results

Question 17

Provide better products at lower cost by statistical control tools, such as control charts

Answer 17

Manufacturers

Question 18

Are controlled through analyses designed to anticipate epidemics

Answer 18

Diseases

Question 19

Are protected through regulations and laws that react to statistical estimates of changing population size

Answer 19

Endangered species

Question 20

(Voluntary responses sample) is one in which respondents themselves decide whether to be included

Answer 20

Self-selected survey

Question 21

The 9 abuses of statistics

Answer 21

1. Bad samples
2. Small samples
3. Loaded questions
4. Misleading graphs
5. Pictographs
6. Precise numbers
7. Distorted percentages
8. Partial pictures
9. Deliberate distortions

Question 22

Observe an measure specific characteristics, but we don’t attempt to MODIFY the subject being studied (no treatment)

Answer 22

Observational study

Question 23

A TREATMENT IS APPLIED to observe its effects on the subjects

Answer 23

Experiment

Question 24

Mathematical or physical MODEL used to reproduce a situation ( when it is too dangerous)

Answer 24

Simulation

Question 25

Investigation of characteristics of a population ( asking questions and collecting data)

Answer 25

Survey

Question 26

A FAUX treatment that looks like the real treatment

Answer 26

Placebo

Question 27

Occurs when an untreated subject incorrectly believes that he/se is receiving a treatment and reports an improvement in symptoms

Answer 27

Placebo effect

Question 28

A technique in which the subject doesn't know whether he/she is receiving a treatment or placebo

Answer 28

Blinding

Question 29

The RESEARCHER KNEW which subject received which treatment, but the SUBJECT DID NOT KNOW

Answer 29

Single blind

Question 30

NEITHER the researcher nor the subject knows who reviews the placebo or treatment

Answer 30

Double blind

Question 31

A GROUP of subjects that are SIMILAR to test effectiveness of one or more treatments (similar background, gender)

Answer 31

Block

Question 32

This is a way to assign subjects to BLOCKS through RANDOM selection (eliminates bias)

Answer 32

Randomized design

Question 33

Experimental units are carefully chosen so that the SUBJECT IN EACH BLOCK are SIMILAR in the WAYS THAT ARE IMPORTANT

Answer 33

Controlled design

Question 34

Occur in an experiment when the effects from two or more variables cannot be distinguished from each other

Answer 34

Confounding

Question 35

Make sure your sample is LARGE enough, however, an extremely large sample is not necessarily a good sample (no magic number) (when in doubt use 30)

Answer 35

Sample size

Question 36

Helps to confirm results by repeating the experiment

Answer 36

Replication

Question 37

Collect data in an appropriate way, other wise your data will be useless

Answer 37

Randomization

Question 38

Members of the population are selected in a way that each has an EQUAL chance of being selected

Answer 38

Random Sample

Question 39

Sampling schemes that combine several methods

Answer 39

Multistage Samples

Question 40

The difference between a sample result and the true population result; such as an error result from chance sample fluctuations (it just happened)

Answer 40

Sample Error

Question 41

Occurs when the sample data are incorrectly collected,recorded or analyzed (you did it)

Answer 41

Non-Sampling Error

Question 42

Study five sampling techniques

Answer 42

1. Systematic sampling 2. Stratified sampling 3. Cluster sampling 4. Simple random sample (SRS) 5. Convince sampling

Question 43

The complete collection I all elements or subjects to be studied

Answer 43

Population

Question 44

Result when a number of possible values is either a finite number or a "countable number"

Answer 44

Discrete Data

Question 45

RANDOMLY select a starting point through a RANDOM # generator, calculator or software, and take every kth SUBJET of the population

Answer 45

Systematic Sampling

Question 46

We SUB-DIVIDE the population into at least TWO different subgroup that share the SAME CHARACTERISTICS, then draw a sample from each stratum

Answer 46

Stratified Sampling

Question 47

First DIVIDE the population area into sections, then RANDOMLY select some of these clusters, and then choose ALL members from those selected clusters

Answer 47

Cluster Sampling

Question 48

n subjects are selected in a way that every possible sample of size n has the same chance of being chosen

Answer 48

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

Question 49

A researcher chooses a sample that is convenient or easy for them to access

Answer 49

Convenience Sampling

Question 50

Two quantitative methods

Answer 50

Interval and ratio

Question 51

Two categorical methods

Answer 51

Nominal and ordinal

Question 52

4 steps in designing and experiment

Answer 52

Identify pop and objective Collect sample Random procedure Analyze data and form conclusions

Question 53

4 types of methods of data collection

Answer 53

Observation Experimental Simulation Survey