Chapter 1- Reasoning and thinking Flashcards
The process by which we use the knowledge we have to draw conclusions
Reasoning
3 different types of reasoning
Deduction
Induction
Abduction
derives the logically necessary conclusion from the given premises.
General rule> Specific conclusion (always true)
Deduction
Generalizing from cases to we have seen to infer information about cases we have not seen.
Specific observation> General conclusion ( Maybe true)
Induction
From a fact to the action or state that caused it
Incomplete observation>Best prediction (may be true)
Abduction
The process of finding the solution to an unfamiliar taste, using the knowledge that we have.
Problem Solving
5 different views of problem solving
Gestalt theory
Problem Space theory
Use of analogy
Skills acquisition
Errors and mental models
Problem solving is both productive and reproductive
Gestalt theory
Comprises problem states and problem solving involves generating these states using legal state transition operators
Problem Space theory
Problems are solved by mapping knowledge relating to a similar known domain to the new problem
Use of analogy
According to the ATC model, skills are acquired through various levels,
Skills Acquisition
There are different types of errors: changes in context of skilled behaviour can cause errors. An incorrect understanding / model of a situation can cause errors too.
Errors and mental models
Our body responds biologically to an external stimulus and we interpret that is some ways as particular ______________
Emotion
The principles and properties discussed apply to the majority of people, but humans are not all the same.
Individual differences
process of a information transfer
Interaction
What are the 5 text-entry devices?
Alphanumeric keyboard
Chord Keyboards
Phone pad and T9 entry
Handwriting recognition
Speech recognition
Only a few keys are used. Letters are produces by pressing multiple keys at once
Chord Keyboards
The numeric keys on a cell phone can be pressed more than once to enter letters.
Phone pad and T9 entry
2 keypad modes most phones have:
numeric
alphanumeric mode
-deals mostly worth stroke information
-the way in which letter is drawn, not the letter itself.
-has the advantages of size and accuracy over small keyboards and are therefore often used in mobile computing
Handwriting recognition
-performance is relatively low even, for a restricted vocabulary.
-Adjusting the system for use with natural language gives birth to even more problems: the ‘error’ in natural language use, different voices, emotions and accents, etc.
Speech recognition
Types of positioning
The mouse
Touchpad
Trackball and thumbwheel
Joystick and keyboard nipple
Touch sensitive screens (touchscreen)
Stylus and lightpen
Digitalizing tablet
Eyegaze
Cursor keys and discrete positioning
-an indirect device, because a transformation is required to map from the horizontal nature of the desktop to the vertical alignment of the screen.
Mouse
-touch-sensitive tablets, operated by sliding the finger over it and are mostly used in notebook computers.
touchpad
-an upside-down mouse: instead of moving the devices itself, the ball is rolled to move the cursor.
-offer less usability because they can only manipulate the horizontal and vertical movement of the cursor.
Trackball and thumbwheel
Two types of joystick:
absolute sticks
isometric sticks
tiny joysticks that sometimes used on notebook computers.
Keyboard nipples
-detect the position of the user’s finger or stylus on the screen itself and are therefore very direct.
Touch sensitive screens (touchscreen)s
For more accurate positioning, systems with touch sensitive surfaces often imply a stylus
Stylus and lightpen
Device used for freehand drawing
Digitalizing tablet
Allow you to control the computer by looking at it while wearing special glasses, heat mounted boxes, etc.
Eyegaze
For 2d-navigation, this can sometimes preferable. The same goes for remote-controls and cellphones.
Cursor keys and discrete positioning
4 Types of display devices
Bitmaps display, resolution, and color
Technologies
Large displays and situated displays
Digital papers
means that display is made of fixed number of dots or pixels in rectangular grid
Bitmaps display , resolution and color
In LCD’s a thin layer of liquid crytals is sandwiched between two glass plates. External lights pass through the top plate and are polarized. this passes through the crystal and is reflected back to the user’s eye.
Technologies
- there several types of this
-some use gas plasma technology
-projector is possible too.
Large displays and situated displays
have small screen through which lights is projected on screen
LCD projectors
Thin flexible paper material that can be written to electronically, but keep its contents when removed from the power supply.
Digital papers
2 devices for virtual reality and 3d interaction
Positioning in 3d
3d displays
Human can use a 3d environment with a 2d device (mouse). The human mind is therefore capable of handling multiple degrees of indirection.
Positioning in 3D
can be displayed in normal screen using shadows, depth etc. User can enter a VR cave, where the VR world is projected around them.
3d displays
What happens if the VR systems performances too slow, and there is delay between movement and image?
disorientation and sickness may occur.
5 Physical controls, sensors and special devices
Special displays
Sound output
Touch, feel and smell
Physical controls
Environment and bio-sensing
-numerous display devices such as LED’s and head-up displays
Special displays
By having sounds confirms a right action, we can speedup interaction
Sound output
Haptic devices are various forms of forms of force, resistance and texture influencing our physical senses.
Touch, feel and smell
Not only the functions of controls, but it is also physical design is important and needs to suit the situation in which it used.
Physical controls
Many sensors in our environment monitor our behaviour. Their measurements ranges from temperature and movement to the user’s emotional states.
Environment and bio-sensing
4 types of Paper: Printing and Scanning
Printing
Fonts and page description languages
Screen and page
Scanner and optical character recognition
Most common printers nowadays are dot based. In order of increasing resolution, familiar types are dot matrix printers, inkjet printers and laser printers.
Printing
Some printer print ASCII-characters and bitmaps ‘by itself’. Many more complex documents are translated into suitable bitmaps by the computer.
Fonts and page description languages
There are many differences between a paper print and a computer monitor, which causes problems when designing software.
Screen and page
Scanner shines a beam of light at the page and record the intensity and color of the refection. the resolution of the scanner can differ highly between types.
Scanner and optical character recognition
6 types of memory
RAM and short term memory (stm)
Disks and long-term memory (ltm)
Understanding speed and capacity
Compression
Storage format and standards
Method of access
Most current active information is held in this
Random access memory
Most current active information is held in this
Ram volatile
Most current active information is held in this
Most current active information is held in this
ram and short term memory (STM)
2 main techniques used in disks:
magnetic disks
optical disks
In comparison to RAM, this is much slower.
Long term memory
example of magnetic disks
floppy
hard disk
tape
example of optical disks
CD-ROM
DVD
the capacity of ram is limited and therefore multitasks-systems tend to swap background-running programs for RAM to the hard disks
Understanding speed and capacity
techniques can be reduce the amount of storage required for text, bitmaps and video
Compression
basic standard for text storage is the
ASCII characters codes
An extended version of this system and can also code for foreign characters.
UNICODE
The basic standard for text storage is the ASCII character codes. UNICODE
is an extended version of this system and can also code for foreign
characters.
Storage format and standards
is by special key fields with an associated index.
Standard database access
Standard database access is by special key fields with an associated
index. The user has to know the key before the system can find
information.
Method of access
3 processing and networks
Effects of finite processor speed
Limitations on interaction performance
Network computing
can affect the user by
being too slow (which can avoided by using buffers) or too fast.
processing speed of an interactive system
The processing speed of an interactive system can affect the user by
being too slow (which can avoided by using buffers) or too fast.
Effects of finite processor speed
Several factors that can limit the speed of an interactive system
computation bound
storage channel bound
graphic bound
network capacity
Have an effect on effect on interactivity, because the distances may cause a noticeable delay in response from the system
Network systems
Network systems have an effect on interactivity, because the large
distances may cause a noticeable delay in response from the
system.
Network computing
Models of Interaction
terms of interaction
execution-evaluation cycle
interaction framework
Aid the user in accomplishing goals
from some application domain.
Purpose of an interactive system
area of expertise and knowledge in some real-world activity
Domain
Operations to manipulate the concepts of a domain
Tasks
Desired output from a performed tasks
Goal
Specification required to meet the goal
Intention
Identification of the problem space for the user of an
interactive system in terms of domain, goals, intention and tasks.
Task analyses
Core language, describes computational
attributes of the domain relevant to the system state.
System’s Language
Task language, describes psychological attributes of
the domain relevant to the user state.
User’s Language
Computerized application
System
The plan formulated by the user is executed by the computer. When
finished, the user evaluates the results and determines the further
actions.
The execution-evaluation cycle
- On the user-side, communication is in task-language and on the
system side, in core language.
The interaction framework
user side of the interface, covering both input and output and
the user’s immediate context
Ergonomics
3 frameworks and HCI
Ergonomics
Dialog design and interface styles.
Presentation and screen design
-The study of the physical characteristics of the interaction.
-contribution to
HCI is in determining constraints on the way we design systems and suggesting detailed
and specification guidelines and standards.
Ergonomics
8 interaction styles
Command line interface
Menus
Natural Language
Question/answer and query dialog
Form-fills and spread sheets
The WIMP interface
Point and click interfaces
Three- dimensional interfaces
provides a mean of expressing instructions to the computer directly
using function keys, single characters, abbreviations or whole word
commands
Command line Interface
available for the user is displayed on the screen
can be presented text-based and graphical
Menus
ambiguity of this makes it very hard for a machine to
understand.
Natural Language
The user asked a series of questions and so is led through the interaction
step by step
Question/Answer and query dialog
Primarily used for data entry but can also be useful in data retrieval
applications
Form-fills and spread sheets
the default interface style for the
majority of computer systems today.
WIMP interface
meaning of WIMP
Windows, icons, menus and pointers
closely related to the WIMP-style: pointing and clicking are the
only action required to access information
Point-and-click interfaces
The simplest technique is where ordinary WIMP elements are given of this
appearance. A more complex technique uses interfaces with this
workspace.
Three-dimensional interfaces
The most complex 3D workspace is
virtual reality
Elements of the WIMP Interfaces
Windows
Icons
Pointers
Menus
Toolbars
Palettes
Dialog boxes
are areas on the screen that behave as if they were
independent terminals in their own right.
Windows
a small picture used to represent a closed window
Icons
nothing more that small bitmap images with a hotspot: the
location to which they point/
pointers
represents a choice of operations or services that can be
performed by the system at a given time.
Menus
individual and isolated regions within display that can be
selected by the user to invoke a specific action.
Buttons
Mostly equivalent to menus, except for this can also hold
buttons
toolbars
mechanism for making the set of possible modes and the
active
Palettes
are information windows used by the system to bring the
user’s attention to some important information.
Dialog boxes
The presence of other people in a work environment affects the performance of the
worker in any tasks for example, by ‘competition-behaviour’. A well-designed system,
however, may also work motivating on the user.
The context of interaction
It is no longer sufficient that users can use a system; they have to want to use it as well.
Experience engagement and fun
Experience engagement and fun
Understanding experience
Designing experience
Physical design and engagement
Managing value
multidisciplinary field of study focusing on
the design of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans
(the users) and computers
HCI
HCI uses this three to support
and fulfil human-computer activities and is applied to various types of computer
systems, including air traffic control, nuclear processing, offices and computer gaming.
productivity, safety, and entertainment
data output by the computer vice versa.
Human input
most important senses in HCI.
Vision
hearing
touch
process by which we use the
knowledge we have to draw conclusions.
Reasoning
three different types of reasoning:
Abduction, Induction and deduction.
the process of finding a solution
to an unfamiliar taste, using knowledge that we have
Problem solving
Different views of problem
solving are:
Gestalt theory, problem space theory, and the use of analogy.
is a process of information transfer
Interaction
Text entry
devices
alphanumeric keyboard, chord keyboard, speech recognition
