CHAPTER 1 pt 2 Flashcards
Ten Great Public Health Achievements—United States, 1900–1999 and 2001–2010
- Vaccination
- Motor vehicle safety
- Safer workplaces
- Control of infectious diseases
- Decline of deaths from coronary heart disease
and stroke - Safer and healthier foods
- Healthier mothers and babies
- Family planning
- Fluoridation of drinking water
- Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
Archeological findings provide
evidence of sewage disposal and written medical
prescriptions.
- Ancient Societies (before 500 b. c. e.)
a. Prior to 2000 b. c. e
Perhaps the earliest written
record of public health was the Code of Hammurabi; which included laws for physicians and health
practices.
Circa 1900 b. c. e
Bible’s Book of Leviticus written;
includes guidelines for personal cleanliness and
sanitation
Circa 1500 b. c. e
: Evidence that Greek
men participated in games of strength and skill and
swam in public facilities
Fifth and sixth centuries b. c. e
Greeks were involved in the practice of community sanitation; involved in obtaining water from
sources far away and not just local wells
Classical Cultures (500 b. c. e.–500 c. e.)
Romans were community-minded; improved
on community sanitation of Greeks; built aqueducts to transport water from miles away; built
sewer systems; created regulations for building
construction, refuse removal, and street cleaning
and repair; created hospitals as infirmaries for
slaves.
Classical Cultures (500 b. c. e.–500 c. e.)
Christians created hospitals as benevolent charitable organizations.
Classical Cultures (500 b. c. e.–500 c. e.)
: Roman Empire fell and most public health
activities ceased.
476 c. e
Growing revulsion for
Roman materialism and growth of spirituality;
health problems were considered to have both spiritual causes and spiritual solutions, a time referred
to as the spiritual era of public health.
500–1000 c. e. (Dark Ages)
Deadliest epidemics were from plague (“Black
Death”); occurred in ______c. e. and ______ c. e
543; 1348
More than 19,000 leper houses.
1200 c. e
Other epidemics of period: Smallpox, diphtheria,
measles, influenza, tuberculosis, anthrax, and
trachoma.
Middle Ages (500–1500 c. e.)
Syphilis epidemic was last epidemic of
the period.
1492 c. e
Rebirth of thinking about the nature of world and
humankind.
Renaissance and Exploration (1500–1700 c. e.)
Belief that disease was caused by environmental,
not spiritual, factors; for example, the term malaria,
meaning bad air, is a direct reference to humid or
swampy air.
Renaissance and Exploration (1500–1700 c. e.)
Observation of ill led to more accurate descriptions
of symptoms and outcomes of diseases; observations
led to first recognition of whooping cough, typhus,
scarlet fever, and malaria as distinct and separate
diseases
Renaissance and Exploration (1500–1700 c. e.)
John Graunt published the Observations on
the Bills of Mortality, which was the beginning of vital
statistics.
1662
Epidemics (e.g., smallpox, malaria, and plague) still
rampant; plague epidemic killed 68,596 (15% of the
population) in London in _______.
1665
Explorers, conquerors, and merchants and their crews
spread disease to ____________s and indigenous people
throughout the New World.
colonist; Renaissance and Exploration (1500–1700 c. e.)
: First U.S. census.
. 1790
Yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia.3
1793
Dr. Edward Jenner successfully demonstrated
smallpox vaccination.
1796
: Marine Hospital Service (forerunner to U.S. Public Health Service) was formed.
1798
Several of America’s largest cities, including
Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore, had
municipal boards of health.
By 1799
- U.S. government’s approach to health was laissez faire
(i.e., noninterference)
First Half of the Nineteenth Century (1800–1848)
