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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 1. Psychopathology in Historical Context > Flashcards

Chapter 1. Psychopathology in Historical Context Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response.

A

Psychological disorder

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2
Q

Psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

A

Abnormal behavior

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3
Q

A psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

A

Phobia

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4
Q

Miguel recently began feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to function at work and fulfill other responsibilities, he finds himself feeling down much of the time, and he worries about what is happening to him. Which of the definitions of abnormality apply to Miguel’s situation?

a) societal norm violation
b) impairment in functioning
c) dysfunction
d) distress

A

d) distress

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5
Q

Three weeks ago, Makayla, a 35-year-old business executive, stopped showering, refused to leave her apartment, and started watching television talk shows. Threats of being fired have failed to bring Jane back to reality, and she continues to spend her days staring blankly at the television screen. Which of the definitions seems to describe Jane’s behavior?

a) societal norm violation
b) impairment in functioning
c) dysfunction
d) distress

A

b) impairment in functioning
c) dysfunction

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6
Q

Scientific study of psychological disorders.

A

Psychopathology

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7
Q

Mental health professionals who are expected to apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment.

A

Scientist-practitioners

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8
Q

Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from this.

A

Presenting problem

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9
Q

Details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder.

A

Clinical description

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10
Q

Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence).

A

Prevalence

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11
Q

Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period (compare with prevalence).

A

Incidence

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12
Q

Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.

A

Course

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13
Q

Predicted future development of a disorder over time.

A

Prognosis

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14
Q

Cause or source of a disorder.

A

Etiology

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15
Q

Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, Kofi will deteriorate rapidly.

This would be an example of:

a) presenting problem
b) prevalence
c) incidence
d) prognosis
e) course
f) etiology

A

d) prognosis

Predicted future development of a disorder over time.

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16
Q

Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this county during the past month and only one in the next county.

This would be an example of:

a) presenting problem
b) prevalence
c) incidence
d) prognosis
e) course
f) etiology

A

c) incidence

Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period (compare with prevalence).

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17
Q

Kaliah visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety.

This would be an example of:

a) presenting problem
b) prevalence
c) incidence
d) prognosis
e) course
f) etiology

A

a) presenting problem

Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from this.

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18
Q

Biological, psychological, and social influences all contribute to a variety of disorders.

This would be an example of:

a) presenting problem
b) prevalence
c) incidence
d) prognosis
e) course
f) etiology

A

f) etiology

Cause or source of a disorder.

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19
Q

The pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, time-limited, or episodic.

This would be an example of:

a) presenting problem
b) prevalence
c) incidence
d) prognosis
e) course
f) etiology

A

e) course

Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.

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20
Q

How many people in the population as a whole suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder?

This would be an example of:

a) presenting problem
b) prevalence
c) incidence
d) prognosis
e) course
f) etiology

A

b) prevalence

Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence).

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21
Q

Religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body.

A

Exorcism

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22
Q

Treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. These approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.

A

Psychosocial treatment

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23
Q

Match these historical theories to the treatments used to “cure” abnormal behavior:

a) bloodletting; induced vomiting
b) patient placed in socially facilitative environments
c) exorcism; burning at the stake.

Supernatural causes; evil demons took over the victims’ bodies and controlled their behaviors.

A

c) exorcism; burning at the stake.

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24
Q

Match these historical theories to the treatments used to “cure” abnormal behavior:

a) bloodletting; induced vomiting
b) patient placed in socially facilitative environments
c) exorcism; burning at the stake.

The humoral theory reflected the belief that normal functioning of the brain required a balance of four bodily fluids or humors.

A

a) bloodletting; induced vomiting

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25
Q

Match these historical theories to the treatments used to “cure” abnormal behavior:

a) bloodletting; induced vomiting
b) patient placed in socially facilitative environments
c) exorcism; burning at the stake.

Maladaptive behavior was caused by poor social and cultural influences within the environment.

A

b) patient placed in socially facilitative environments

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26
Q

Psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.

A

Moral therapy

27
Q

Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.

A

Mental hygiene movement

28
Q

Psychoanalytic assessment and therapy, which emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts, pioneered by Sigmund Freud.

A

Psychoanalysis

29
Q

Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

A

Behaviorism

30
Q

Part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person.

A

Unconscious

31
Q

Rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.

A

Catharsis

32
Q

Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.

A

Psychoanalytic model

33
Q

In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychical entity present at birth representing basic sexual and aggressive drives.

A

id

34
Q

In psychoanalysis, the psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives.

A

Ego

35
Q

In psychoanalysis, the psychical entity representing the internalized moral principles of parents and society.

A

Superego

36
Q

In psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego.

A

Intrapsychic conflicts

37
Q

Common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego.

A

Defense mechanisms

38
Q

In psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time.

A

Psychosexual stages of development

39
Q

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

A

Castration anxiety

40
Q

Obsolete psychodynamic term for psychological disorder thought to result from unconscious conflicts and the anxiety they cause.

A

Neurosis (plural is neuroses)

41
Q

Derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.

A

Ego psychology

42
Q

Derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as ego psychology.

A

Self-psychology

43
Q

Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

A

Object relations

44
Q

Accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.

A

Collective unconscious

45
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

A

Free association

46
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

A

Dream analysis

47
Q

Therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training.

A

Psychoanalyst

48
Q

Psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.

A

Transference

49
Q

Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.

A

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

50
Q

Process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.

A

Self-actualizing

51
Q

Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

A

Person-centered therapy

52
Q

Acceptance by the counselor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.

A

Unconditional positive regard

53
Q

Model that combines insights from the behavioral, cognitive, and social learning models, which brought the systematic development of a more scientific approach to the psychological aspects of psychopathology.

A

Cognitive-behavioral model

54
Q

Fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.

A

Classical conditioning

55
Q

Learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing.

A

Extinction

56
Q

Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.

A

Introspection

57
Q

Behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.

A

Systematic desensitization

58
Q

Array of therapy methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change.

A

Behavior therapy

59
Q

In operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence. Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from their reinforcement or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.

A

Reinforcement

60
Q

In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.

A

Shaping

61
Q

Match the treatment with the corresponding psychological theory of behavior:

a) behavioral model
b) moral therapy
c) psychoanalytic theory
d) humanistic theory

Treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible and encouraging social interaction and relationship development.

A

b) moral therapy

62
Q

Match the treatment with the corresponding psychological theory of behavior:

a) behavioral model
b) moral therapy
c) psychoanalytic theory
d) humanistic theory

Hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego.

A

c) psychoanalytic theory

63
Q

Match the treatment with the corresponding psychological theory of behavior:

a) behavioral model
b) moral therapy
c) psychoanalytic theory
d) humanistic theory

Person-centered therapy with unconditional positive regard.

A

d) humanistic theory

64
Q

Match the treatment with the corresponding psychological theory of behavior:

a) behavioral model
b) moral therapy
c) psychoanalytic theory
d) humanistic theory

Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning.

A

a) behavioral model

Abnormal Psychology (4 decks)

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