Chapter 1 Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychologists focus on both the activity of the brain and the structure and properties of the organ itself - brain cells and their connections, the chemical soup in which they exist, and the genes that give rise to them

A

Level of the brain

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2
Q

Psychologists focus on mental events - the contents and functions of the mind

A

Level of the person

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3
Q

Consist of knowledge, beliefs, desires, and feelings

A

Mental Contents

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4
Q

Consist of operations that work together to carry out a function, such as attention, perception, or memory

A

Mental Processes

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5
Q

Psychologists focus on the ways that collections of people shape the mind and behavior
“No man is an Island”

A

Level of a group

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6
Q

The science of the mind and behavior.

Focuses on both the internal events that underlie our thoughts and feelings, and the behavior itself.

A

Psychology

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7
Q

The roots of Psychology lie in ____ and _____

A

Philosophy and Physiology

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8
Q

The field that relies on logic and speculation to understand the nature of reality, experience, and values

A

Philosophy

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9
Q

The field that studies the biological workings of the body, including the brain

A

Physiology

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10
Q

Focused attention on the distinction between mind and body and the relation between the two (which is still a focus of considerable debate)

A

Rene Descartes

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11
Q

Stressed that all human knowledge arises from experience of the world or from reflection about it.
Argues that we know about the world only via how it is represented in them mind

A

John Locke

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12
Q

The first organized “school of thought” in psychology.
Sough to identify the “building blocks” of consciousness)
The goal was to describe the rules that determine how particular sensations or feelings may occur at the same time or in sequence, combining in various ways into mental structures.

A

Structuralism

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13
Q

Broadened the structuralist approach to apply it to the nature of concepts and thinking in general

A

Edward Titchener

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14
Q

“looking within”

The technique of observing your mental events as, or immediately after, they occur

A

Introspection

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15
Q

How could you prove that mental images actually exist and that objects can indeed be visualized?
Considerable amount of mental contents and of mental processing cannot be accessed via introspection

A

Problems with introspection

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16
Q

Sought to understand how our minds help us to adapt to the world around us
Wanted to know why humans think, feel, and behave as we do

A

Functionalism

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17
Q

The functionalists were strongly influenced by _______, whose theory of evolution by natural selection stressed that some individual organisms in every species, from ants to oak trees, possess characteristics that enable them to survive and reproduce more fruitfully than others.

A

Charles Darwin

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18
Q

Studied the ways in which being able to pay attention can help an individual survive and adapt to an environment

A

William James

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19
Q

Emphasized the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts;

“the whole is more than the sum of its parts”

A

Gestalt Psychology

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20
Q

Enhanced Gestalt Psychology
Noted that much of the content our thoughts come from what we perceive and, further, from inborn tendencies to structure what we sense in certain ways.

A

Max Wertheimer

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21
Q

A Viennese Physician who specialized in neurology (the study and treatment of diseases of the brain and the nervous system more generally), developed a theory that reached into all corners of human thought, feeling, and behavior

A

Sigmund Freud

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22
Q

“they are outside our awareness and beyond our ability to being into awareness at will”

A

unconscious

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23
Q

The term refers to the continual push-and-pull interaction among conscious and unconscious forces and specifies how such interactions affect behavior.

A

Psychodynamic theory

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24
Q

Focuses on how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response; together these are sometimes referred to as stimulus-response associations.

A

Behaviorism

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25
Q

People have positive values, free will, and deep inner creativity, which in combination can allow them to choose life-fulfilling paths to person growth.

A

Humanistic Psychology

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26
Q

Developed a therapy based on the humanistic approach; used the term client rather than patient, and he called his therapy client-centered therapy.

A

Carl Rogers

27
Q

Attempts to characterize the nature of human information processing, that is, the mental events that allow information to be stored and processed
The mind is like the software on a computer, and the brain is like the hardware

A

Cognitive Psychology

28
Q

Blends cognitive psychology and neuroscience (the study of the brain) when attempting to specify how the brain gives rise to mental processes that store and process information.

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

29
Q

Certain cognitive strategies and goals are so important that natural selection has built them into our brains.
These theorists believe that evolution has given us certain goals and cognitive strategies

A

Evolutionary Psychology

30
Q

Trained to provide psychotherapy and to administer and interpret psychological tests

A

Clinical Psychologist

31
Q

Involves helping people learn to change so that they can cope with troublesome thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

A

Psychotherapy

32
Q

Trained to help people deal with issues that arise during the course of everyday life, such as choosing a career, marrying, raising a family, and performing at work.

A

Counseling Psychologist

33
Q

A physician with special training in treating mental disorders

A

Psychiatrist

34
Q

a type of worker who uses psychotherapy to help families and individuals or would help clients use the social service systems in their communities

A

Social Worker

35
Q

Holds a masters degree (MSN) as well as a certificate of clinical specialization

A

Psychiatrist Nurse

36
Q

most teach and many also conduct research, the kinds of teaching and research vary widely

A

Academic Psychologists

37
Q

Use the findings and theories of psychology to improve products and procedures, and they conduct research to help solve specific practical problems in areas such as education, industry, and marketing.

A

Applied Psychologists

38
Q

Applies psychology to improve products

A

Human factors Psychologist

39
Q

Applies psychology to improve cognitive, emotional, and social development of schoolchildren

A

Educational or School Psychologist

40
Q

Researchers and teaches the nature of the brain and brain-body interactions

A

Human factors psychologist

41
Q

A way to gather facts that will lead to the formulation and validation (or refutation) of a theory.

A

Scientific Method

42
Q

Careful, objective descriptions or numerical measurements of a phenomenon
They are “objective” because researchers try to eliminate distortions based on their personal beliefs, emotions, or interpretations

A

Data

43
Q

When a study is repeated so that the data can be compared to those collected originally, the study is called a replication.

A

Replication

44
Q

Is a tentative idea that might explain a set of observations, and specify a relationship between two or more variables.

A

Hypothesis

45
Q

Defines a concept by indicating how it is measured or manipulated

A

operational definition

46
Q

Consists of concepts or principles that explain a set of research findings.

A

Theory

47
Q

New hypotheses that should be confirmed if the theory is correct

A

Predictions`

48
Q

In psychology is a scientific study that focuses on a single participant, examining his or her psychological characteristics in detail

A

Case Study

49
Q

A set of questions that people are asked about their beliefs, attitudes, preferences, or activities.
Relatively inexpensive way to collect a lot of data

A

Survey

50
Q

A relationship in which two variables are measures for each group, person, or entity, and the variations in measurements of one variable are compared to the variations in measurements of the other variable

A

Correlation

51
Q

Often simply referred to as a correlation because the coefficient is the numerical summary of the relationship between two variables

A

Correlation coefficient

52
Q

Controlled situations in which the investigator observes the effects of altering variables

A

Experiment

53
Q

Observed events are carefully documented

A

Naturalistic Observation

54
Q

Participants are assigned randomly to groups, and the effects of manipulating one or more independent variables on a dependent variable are studied

A

Experimental Design

55
Q

Similar to an experiment but participants are not assigned to groups randomly and conditions are often selected, not created

A

Quasi-experimental design

56
Q

Statistical technique that allows researchers to combine results from different studies on the same topic in order to discover whether there is a relationship among variables

A

Meta-analysis

57
Q

Means that a method does in fact measure what it is supposed to measure

A

Validity

58
Q

Occurs when research participants tend to respond in a particular way regardless of their actual knowledge or beliefs

A

Response Bias

59
Q

When researchers do not choose the participants at random but instead select them so that an attribute it over- or underreoresented

A

Sampling Bias

60
Q

Occur when an investigators expectations lead him or her to treat participants in a way that encourages them to produce the expected results

A

Experimenter Expectancy Effects

61
Q

The participant is unaware of the predictions of the study- and hence unable consciously or unconsciously to serve up the expected result- and the experimenter is also unaware to the group which the participant has been assigned to or the particular condition the participant is receiving, and thus is unable to induce the expected results

A

Double-blind study

62
Q

Theories or statements that at first glance look like psychology but in fact are superstition or unsupported opinions.

A

Pseudopsychology

63
Q

Means that before agreeing to take part, potential participants in a study must be told what they will be asked to do and must be advised of the possible risks and benefits of the procedure

A

Informed Consent