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Counseling Theories > Chapter 1 - Psychodynamic Psychotherapies (Freud, Jung) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Psychodynamic Psychotherapies (Freud, Jung) Flashcards

1
Q

Basic concepts

Unconsious motivation

A

All human beings motivated in part by:
* Wishes
* Fantasies
* Tacit knowledge
these are outside of awareness

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2
Q

Ego

A

Hypothetical Psychic Agency

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3
Q

Unconscious…
(ID=

A

… is traced to the depths of psychic and includes ideas, drives, emotions, fantasies but also memories and experiences that are outside the conscious perception and that can not be realized by focusing our attention on them. It occupies most of the psychic organ and is outside the conscious control. It affects human behavior as unconscious processes are the root of all neurotic symptoms and behaviors.

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4
Q

Pre-conscious / subconscious
(Superego)

A

Is in the anteroom/hallway of the conscious and holds an intermediate position between the conscious and the unconscious.

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5
Q

Conscious

A

Includes everything that falls into the individual’s consciousness at all times

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6
Q

Ego

A

Floats on all three levels:
1. Conscious
2. Preconscious (Superego)
3. Unconscious (ID)

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7
Q

Interpretation common threads - Psychoanalysis (modern)

A
  1. Our experience and actions are influenced by psychological processes that are not part of our conscious awareness and
  2. These unconscious processes are kept out of awareness in order to avoid psychological pain
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8
Q

Description Therapeutic Alliance - Basic principels

Fantasy

A

Play an important role in psychic functioning:
Relation to external experience
relationship with others
Vary in conscious awareness:
Daydreams and
Fleeting fantasies
Deeply unconscious fantasies trigger psychological defenses

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9
Q

What are the Important parts of psychoanalytic process?

A

Exploring and interpreting client´s fantasies

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10
Q

Primary and Secondary Processes

A
  • Raw or primitive form of psychic functioning
  • Begins at birth
  • Operates unconsciously throughout lifetime
  • No destinction between past, present and future
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11
Q

Secondary process

A

Style of psychic functioning associated with
**Consciousness **
logical
sequential
orderly
foundation for rational, reflective thinking

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12
Q

Defense

A
  • Intrapsychic Process
  • Avoids emotional pain
  • Pushing thoughts, wishes, feelings or fantasies out of awareness
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13
Q

Intellectualisation

A

Individual talks about something threatening while keeping an emotional distance from the feelings associated with it

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14
Q

Projection

A

Threatening feeling or motive he is experiencing to another person

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15
Q

Reaction formation

A

Someone denies a threatening feeling and proclaims she feels the opposite

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16
Q

Splitting
(Kleinian Theory)

A
  • Individual attempts to avoid his or her perception of the other as good from being contaminated by negative feelings.
  • He/She may split the representation of the other into two different images.
  • Commonly used amongst infants
  • Feel safe with their mothers
  • Serious impact on daily life
  • Difficulty maintaining relationships esp. therapists
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17
Q

Transference

A
  • Fundamental concept
  • Important role in Freud´s evolution of thought
  • Transferring. a template from the past onto the present situation
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18
Q

Shift from* one Person Psychology* to two Person Psychology

A
  • Psychoanalyts replaced Freud´s view
  • Therapist no object; no neutral observer
  • Awareness of of own ongoing contribution to the interaction
  • Therapist self exploration
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19
Q

Two person Psychology

A
  • Therapist plays an important part in emergence of resistance
  • Exploration of therapist´s contribution to the emergence and movement of that resistance
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20
Q

Worldview

A

Psychoanalysis is not just a therapy, it is a worldview

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21
Q

Free association

A

Technique in which clients are encouraged to attempt to suspend their self-critical function and verbalise thoughts, images, associations, and feelings that are on the edge of awareness

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22
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Tension Reduction
Mother´s breast -> object invested in psychic energy

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23
Q

Drive theory

A

General model of motivation

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24
Q

Libido

A
  • Motivational Model of Development
  • Psychich energy
  • Activation through internal and external stimuli
  • Organismic sense of tension or unpleasure
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25
Q

Complexes
(Jung)

A

Affectively charged ideas that are repressed because they are emotionally threatening

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26
Q

Structural Theory
(Freud)

A

Ego and the ID
How to deal with demands of reality vs pleasure principle

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27
Q

ID

A
  • Instinctually based
  • Present from birth
  • Sexual gratification
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28
Q

Ego

A
  • Gradually emerges from ID
  • Represents reality
  • Evaluates suitability of sexual gratification
  • Delay gratification
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29
Q

Superego

A
  • Psychic Agency
  • Internalisation of social values and norms
  • overly **harsh **
  • **demanding **
  • can lead to self destructive feelings of guilt and rejecting stance -> one´s own instinctual needs and wishes
    *
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30
Q

Object Relations Theory
(Klein)

A
  • Internal representations of our relationships with significant others
  • Relationship between mother and infant
31
Q

Classical Psychoanalysis

A
  • American Ego Psychology
  • Freud´s Drive Theory of Motivation
  • Psychosexual Model of Development
32
Q

Interpersonal Psychoanalysis

A

Founded by Harry Stack Sullivan with Clara Thompson and Erich Fromm

33
Q

Object Relations Theory

Internal Objects

A

**Influence **the way in which people perceive others, choose particular types of **people **with whom they establish relationships, and shape their relationships in an ongoing fashion through their own perceiptions and actions

34
Q

Modern conflict theory

A
  • Centrality in human experience
  • Action of ongoing conflict between unconscious wishes and defenses against them
    *
35
Q

Theory of Personality - Conflict Thoery

Intrapsychic Conflict

A

Central role in development of individual´s specific personality

36
Q

Object Relations Theory

Internalisation

A
  • Different theorists have developed different understandings of what an internal object is and different models of how internal objects become established
  • Conceptually ambigious
37
Q

Object Relations Theory

Attachment Theory
(Bowlby)

A
  • Model of object relations
  • Instinctively based need
  • Motivational system referred to as **attachment system **
38
Q

Object Relations Theory - Attachment Theory (Bowlby)

Attachment figures

A
  • Attachment figures: -> maintain proximity to caregivers
39
Q

Object Relations Theory - Attachment Theory (Bowlby)

Internal Working Models

A

When an infant learns that certain ways of being jeopardise the relationship with attachment figures, he or she **develop **a propensity for dissociating experiences and feelings:
* Aggression
* Anger
* Vulnerability

40
Q

Object Relations Theory

Projective Indentification
(Melanie Klein)

A
  • Specific intrapsychic process through which feelings that orginate internally are experienced as orginating from the other.
  • Part of infant´s psychic world
41
Q

Developmental Arrest Models

Kohut´s Self Psychology

A

Psychological Problems emerge as a result of the failure of caregivers to provide a “good enough” or optimal environment.

42
Q

Developtment Arrest Models

False Self
(Winnicott)

A

Overadapted to the needs of the other

43
Q

Developmental Arrest Models

Process of optimal disillusionment

A
  • Important mechanism in therapy
  • Infants sense of great frustration is gradual -> infant can accept limitations of other without being traumatised
44
Q

Developemental Arrrest Models - Kohut´s theory

Attunement

A

Caregivers provide adequate mirroring to infants needs

45
Q

Theory of Psychotheraphy

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

A
  • Forms of treatment based on Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Lack some defining characteristics of psychoanalysis
46
Q

Theory of Psychotherapy

Psychoanalysis

A

Form of treatment with certain defining characteristics or parameters

47
Q

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

A

Forms of treatment based on psychoanalytic theory BUT lack some of the defining characteristics of psychoanalysis

48
Q

Theory of Psychotherapy

Psychoanalysis is characterised by specific therapeutic stance…

A
  1. Emphasis on clients become aware of their unconscious motivation
  2. Refraining from giving the client advice or being overly directive
  3. Attempting to avoid influencing the client by introducing one´s own belief and values
  4. Anonymity -> reducing amount of information´s personal life or one´s feeling and reactions in the session
  5. Neutral and objective observer
  6. Seating arrangement: cleint couch, therapist sits upright and out of view of client
49
Q

Theory of Psychotherapy

Therapeutic Alliance

A

Early psychoanalytic theory
Good collaborative relationship with client
Caring -> Human aspects of therpeutic relationship play critical role in allwoing the client to benefit from psychoanalysis

50
Q

Edward Bordin´s conceptualisation of the alliancee

A

**Bond **
**Task **
**Goal components **
Always influence one another

51
Q

Theory of Psychotherapy

Transference

A

Cleint´s tendency to view the therapist in terms of how thier own experiences with caregivers and significant others have shaped them.

52
Q

Theory of Psychotherapy

Countertransference

A

Therapists counterpart to the client´s transference
Therapists own unresolved conflicts
Freud -> obstacle to therapy

53
Q

Theory of Psychotherapy

Resistance

A

Resist change or act in a way that undermines therapeutic process

54
Q

Theory of Psychotherapy

Intersubjectivity

A

Hold on to one´s own experience while at the same time beginning to experience the other as an independent center of subjectivity

55
Q

Theory of Psychotherapy

Enactments

A
  • Client and therapist are always influencing one another at both conscious and unconscious levels
  • Playing complementary roles in relational scenarios
  • No awareness of the interaction
56
Q

Process of Psychotherapy

Empathy

A

Fundamental intervention
Ability to indetify with clients and immerse ourselves in their experience is critical in process of establishing an alliance
Communicating empathic experience -> central mechanism of change in and of itself

57
Q

Process of Psychotherapy

Interpretation

A

Convey information that is outside of client´s awareness

58
Q

Process of Psychotherapy

Interpretation accuracy

A

Interpretation corresponds to a “real” aspect of the client´s unconscious functioning

59
Q

Process of Psychotherapy

Interpretation quality - usefulness

A

Client can make use of the interpretation as part of the change process

60
Q

Process of Psychotherapy

Interpretation timing

A

Is context right?
Client ready to hear it?

61
Q

Interpreation depth

A

Interpretation focus:
(a) Deeply unconscious or
(b) Closer to awareness

62
Q

Clarification, Support, Advice

A

Support and reassurance
vital role in change process

63
Q

Process of Psychotherapy

Termination

A

Important phase in treatment
Well handled termination: plays a vital role in helping clients consolidate any gains that have been made.
Poorly handled terminations: negative affect on treatment process
Ideally terminationa is made collaboratively

64
Q

Mechanisms of Psychotherapy

Change…

A

Making unconsciousness conscious
Freud: Where ID has been there shall Ego be

65
Q

Mechanisms of Psychotherapy

Change involves…

A

Becoming aware of our instinctual impulses and related unconscious wishes and then learning to deal with them in a rational or reflective fashion

66
Q

Mechanisms of Psychotherapy

Emotional Insight

A
67
Q

Mehanisms of Psychotherapy

Creating Meaning and Historical Reconstruction

A
68
Q

Mechanisms of Psychotherapy

Increasing and Appreciating Limits of Agency

A
69
Q

Mechanisms of Psychotherapy

Containment

A

Attending to our own emotions when working with clients and cultivating the ability to tolerate and process painful or disturbing feelings in a nondefensive fashion

70
Q

Mechanisms of Psychotherapy

Process of containment…

A

Conceptual &
Affective in nature
Helping to put feeligs into words one component of it
Challening component: Processing and Managing powerful feelings that are invoked in us as parents or as therapists so that our own affective repsonses can help regulate the others emotions than deregulating them

71
Q

Mechanisms of Psychotherapy

Rupture and Repair
(Sandor Ferenczi)

A

Imporant element of the change process
Therapist will ultimately fail the client by not being adequately attuned to his or her needs

72
Q

Mechanisms of Psychotherapy

Retraumatisation

A

Allows client to begin to bring split-off parts of the self into the therapeutic relationship

73
Q

Mechanisms of Psychotherapy

Working through…

A

Client brigns him/herself into the the relationship after traumatisation
Experience is real

74
Q

Psychotherapy in Multicultural World

When treating somone from different cultural background or race…

A

Internalised cultural attitudes play out unconsciously in the transference - countertransference matrix both for client and therapist

Counseling Theories (2 decks)

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