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Psychobiology > Chapter 1 Psychobiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Psychobiology Flashcards

1
Q

What two parts is the Central Nervous System (CNS) comprised of?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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4
Q

How many neurons are in the cerebral cortex?

A

12-15 billion

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5
Q

How many neurons are in the cerebellum

A

70 billion

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6
Q

How many neurons are in the spinal cord?

A

1 billion

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7
Q

What two types of cells comprise the human nervous system?

A

neurons and glia

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8
Q

What are neurons?

A

Highly specialized cells that possess electrical excitability, They function to process and transmit cellular signals.

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9
Q

What is a motor neuron?

A
  • Receives excitation through its dendrites and conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle
  • Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
  • Efferent
  • Soma is in the spinal cord
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10
Q

What is a sensory neuron?

A

Specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation, such as light, sound or touch. neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord: Afferent.

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11
Q

What is an interneuron/intrinsic neuron?

A

A neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
- dendrites and axons are completely contained within a structure

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12
Q

What are local neurons?

A

Neurons that have short axons, only exchange information with close neighbors, and do not produce action potentials.

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13
Q

What are Glial cells?

A

Greek for “glue”, glial cells provide support and protection for neurons. HSIFDCCC
• hold in place and surround
• supply nutrients & oxygen
• insulate
• form myelin
• destroy & remove decay & debris
• clearance of neurotransmitters & prevent toxic build-up
• can release certain neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate)
• crucial to development (synaptic plasticity & genesis)

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14
Q

What is the glia to neuron ratio in cerebral gray matter?

A

3 glial cells for every 2 neurons.

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15
Q

What are the Glia cell types?

A

Astrocytes, Schwann Cells, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, and Radial Glia (ASMOR)

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16
Q

Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that…

A
  • synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon
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17
Q

Schwann cells are…

A

Glia in the PNS that build the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of some neurons.

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18
Q

Microglia are….

A

Glia that remove waste material and other microorganisms that may be harmful to the neuron.

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes are….

A

Glia in the CNS that build the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of some neurons.

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20
Q

Radial Glia are….

A

Glia that guide the migration of neurons, & the growth of axons & dendrites during embryonic development.

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21
Q

Camilo Golgi (1843-1934)

A

Invented the neuronal cells staining procedure using silver chromate fixed to the neuronal membrane.

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22
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)

A

Used Golgi’s cell-staining technique to develop the “neuron doctrine”.
- demonstrated that the individual cells comprising the nervous system remained separate but connected to each other by small zones [later called, synapses]

23
Q

What are Purkinje cells?

A

Purkinje cells carry information primarily about body movement
- are aligned like dominos forming a 2-D grid
- cell outputs permit comparison of ongoing movement and sensory feedback derived from it
- thus, generates an error correction signal that can modify occurring movements

24
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Dendrites are branching fibers lined with synaptic receptors.
- responsible for bringing in information from other neurons
- Dendrites - Sensory

25
Q

What is the soma?

A

Cell body:
- contains the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other structures found in cells

26
Q

What is an axon?

A

A thin fiber of a neuron responsible for transmitting neural impulses to other neurons, glands or muscles:
- Axon - Motor

27
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons (appear white)

28
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Cell bodies that are not myelinated (appear gray)

29
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of axons in the PNS

30
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of axons in the CNS

31
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

Fibers that further branch out to increase the surface area of the dendrite.

32
Q

Louis Ranvier (1835-1922)

A

Discovered gaps in the myelin sheath, later to be named Nodes of Ranvier
- linked with Saltatory conduction

33
Q

What is myelin?

A
  • Layer that forms around the nerves (protective membrane)
  • Quickens the transmission of impulses along nerve cells
34
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis

A

Condition that results from the inflammation and scarring of Myelin:
- immune system attacks oligodendrocytes
- consequence of auto-immune condition
- loss of conduction velocity and results in slowed cognition and limited energy

35
Q

What does ‘afferent’ mean?

A

brings information to a structure

36
Q

What does ‘efferent’ mean?

A

carries information from a structure

37
Q

What are the meninges?

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

38
Q

What is the outermost layer of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater (Hard Mother)
- surrounding the brain and spinal cord
- thick material

39
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges?

A

Arachnoid layer:
- delicate middle
- where blood vessels are located
- where CSF is located

40
Q

What is the innermost layer of the meninges?

A

Pia Mater (Soft Mother):
- thin inner membrane

41
Q

Brain Vascular Bed

A
  • 400 miles of capillaries
  • surface area of 100 square feet
42
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

the joining area of several arteries at the bottom (inferior) side of the brain.

43
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?

A
  • a structure that surrounds the brain
  • functions to block most non-toxic and toxic substances from entering
  • single layer of glial cells that line blood vessels
  • allows small, fat-soluble molecules of proper electrical affinity to pass through
44
Q

Which molecules can pass through the BBB?

A

Small, uncharged, fat-soluble molecules:
- O2 and CO2 cross easily
- vitamins, psychoactive medication, nicotine, heroin, and marijuana also cross easily

44
Q

Which molecules can pass through the BBB?

A

Small, uncharged, fat-soluble molecules:
- O2 and CO2 cross easily
- vitamins, psychoactive medication, nicotine, heroin, and marijuana also cross easily

45
Q

What is active transport?

A

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference:
- active transport systems pump glucose and amino acids across the membrane of the BBB

46
Q

What is Encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain:
- infection that reaches BBB
- severe and potentially life-threatening
- inflammation leads to brain-swelling, causing: headache, stiff neck, light sensitivity, mental confusion & seizures.

47
Q

What is primary encephalitis?

A

Encephalitis where the CNS is invaded; virus or bacteria infects the brain

48
Q

What is secondary encephalitis?

A

when the immune system reacts to an infection elsewhere in the body and starts attacking brain cells

49
Q

What are some infectious sources for encephalitis?

A

Viral infection: herpesviruses, arboviruses, rabies
Bacterial infection: meningitis, syphilis, lyme disease
Parasitic infection: protozoa, amoeba

50
Q

What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)?

A
  • filtrate of blood produced from ventricles and choroid plexus
  • A solution that fills the hollow cavities of the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord
  • Provides nourishment, cushions, and removes wastes
  • circulates within arachnoid layer and exits through arachnoid granulations back to venous blood, into super sagittal sinus
51
Q

How many Ventricles are in the Ventricular System?

A

4 Ventricles:
- Lateral Ventricle
- Choroid Plexus
- Third Ventricle
- Fourth Ventricle

52
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A
  • 1400 grams
  • effective weight is 80 grams due to the buoyancy effect of CSF

Psychobiology (1 decks)

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