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Chapter 1: Pre-Revolution Russia Flashcards

1
Q

What was the primary political system in Russia before the revolution?

A

Autocracy

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2
Q

Who was the Tsar of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century?

A

Nicholas II

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3
Q

True or False: The Russian Empire was a democracy before the revolution.

A

False

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4
Q

What year did the 1905 Revolution occur?

A

1905

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ was established after the 1905 Revolution as a result of pressure for reform.

A

Duma

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6
Q

What was the main purpose of the Duma?

A

To serve as a legislative body

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7
Q

Which social class primarily made up the Russian intelligentsia?

A

Educated middle class

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8
Q

True or False: The Russian Orthodox Church supported the Tsarist regime.

A

True

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9
Q

What event is often cited as a catalyst for the 1905 Revolution?

A

Bloody Sunday

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10
Q

What was the significance of Bloody Sunday?

A

It sparked widespread protests and unrest against the Tsar.

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11
Q

Who were the main revolutionary groups opposing the Tsar?

A

Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

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12
Q

What ideology did the Bolsheviks follow?

A

Marxism

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ was a major agricultural class in Russia that faced significant hardship.

A

Peasantry

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14
Q

What was the impact of industrialization on Russian society?

A

It led to urbanization and the growth of a working class.

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15
Q

Which territory was annexed by Russia in the late 19th century, leading to increased tensions?

A

Manchuria

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16
Q

What was the outcome of the Russo-Japanese War?

A

Russia’s defeat, which weakened the Tsar’s authority.

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17
Q

True or False: The Russian economy was primarily industrialized before the revolution.

A

False

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18
Q

What was the primary cause of discontent among the Russian peasantry?

A

Land hunger and poverty

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19
Q

Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks during the revolution?

A

Vladimir Lenin

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20
Q

What was the October Manifesto?

A

A document promising reforms including civil liberties and a Duma.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ were the workers’ councils that emerged in 1905.

A

Soviets

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22
Q

What was a major consequence of the 1905 Revolution?

A

Increased political awareness and organization among the populace.

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23
Q

Which event in 1914 significantly changed the political landscape in Russia?

A

World War I

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24
Q

What was the main demand of the workers during the 1905 Revolution?

A

Better working conditions and higher wages.

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25
True or False: The Tsar was able to maintain complete control after the 1905 Revolution.
False
26
What was the role of the Okhrana?
Secret police responsible for political repression.
27
Fill in the blank: The __________ was a major strike that occurred in St. Petersburg in 1905.
General Strike
28
What was the significance of the 1917 February Revolution?
It led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
29
Which group primarily led the February Revolution?
Workers and soldiers
30
What was the Provisional Government?
A temporary government established after the abdication of the Tsar.
31
True or False: The Provisional Government was widely supported by the Russian populace.
False
32
What did the slogan 'Peace, Land, and Bread' represent?
The demands of the Bolsheviks for the war to end, land for peasants, and food for the people.
33
Fill in the blank: The __________ was a key event that led to the Bolshevik takeover in October 1917.
October Revolution
34
What was the significance of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
It ended Russia's involvement in World War I.
35
Who was the main rival of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War?
White Army
36
True or False: The Russian Civil War lasted from 1917 to 1922.
True
37
What was the primary economic policy introduced by Lenin after the revolution?
New Economic Policy (NEP)
38
Fill in the blank: The __________ was a key factor in the Bolshevik's consolidation of power.
Civil War
39
What role did propaganda play in the Bolshevik Revolution?
It was used to promote the Bolshevik message and gain support.
40
What was the main goal of the Bolshevik Party?
To establish a communist state.
41
Who were the main supporters of the Bolsheviks?
Workers and peasants
42
True or False: The Bolsheviks had a clear plan for governance after the revolution.
False
43
Fill in the blank: The __________ were a series of political and social changes in Russia leading up to the revolution.
Revolutionary movements
44
What was the role of women in the pre-revolutionary period?
They were involved in protests and strikes for better rights.
45
What was the main opposition to Tsarist rule?
Political movements advocating for reform and revolution.
46
True or False: The Russian economy was primarily agrarian before the revolution.
True
47
What was the main cause of discontent among industrial workers?
Long hours, low wages, and poor working conditions.
48
Fill in the blank: The __________ represented the interests of the urban working class.
Trade unions
49
What was the impact of World War I on Russian society?
It exacerbated economic and social problems, contributing to the revolution.
50
What was the significance of the Petrograd Soviet?
It represented workers' interests and challenged the Provisional Government.
51
Who was the famous revolutionary leader that returned to Russia in April 1917?
Vladimir Lenin
52
True or False: The Bolsheviks initially had strong support from the military.
False
53
Fill in the blank: The __________ was a major event that showcased the discontent of soldiers during World War I.
Mutiny
54
What does autocracy mean?
A rule by one person with no limits to their power
55
56
What proportion of the population were peasants?
80%
57
What frustrated the liberals?
The autocratic system that shut down any opportunities to share power
58
Define autocracy
A rule by one person with no limits to their power
59
What did Nicholas’ failings as a leader do?
Seriously weakened his political authority by 1917
60
Reasons for Nicholas’ weakened authority
* His personality * Alexandra and Rasputin * His handling of the State Duma * His handling of Russia’s problems
61
How did Nicholas’ personality weaken his authority?
* He believed completely in his divine right to rule * He was stubborn and saw advice as criticism * He undermined his ministers to stop anyone challenging his authority
62
How did Alexandra and Rasputin weaken Nicholas’ authority?
* Alexandra encouraged Nicholas to listen to Rasputin’s advice, making Rasputin more powerful than many ministers * Rasputin had a reputation for sexual promiscuity, and rumors about him and Alexandra were damaging
63
Who was Rasputin?
A self-styled ‘holy man’, trusted by the royal couple after he was able to help their son Alexei who suffered from haemophilia
64
How did Nicholas’ handling of Russia’s problems weaken his authority?
Belief in the divine right of kings and a strong Russian Orthodox faith meant that Nicholas didn’t actively try to solve Russia’s problems
65
When was Nicholas forced to allow a State Duma to form?
1906
66
What did the Duma do?
Hold meetings to debate politics and legislation
67
How did Nicholas’ relationship with the Duma weaken his authority?
He refused to share any real power with them, frustrating those hoping for a more democratic political system
68
Who were the three main Tsarist opposition groups?
* the Liberals * the SRs * the SDs
69
Who were the Liberals?
A loose collection of groups that favoured reform and a constitutional monarchy, including the Kadets, the Octobrists, and the Progressives
70
Who were the Social Revolutionaries?
The Socialist Revolutionary Party was founded in 1901, mainly represented peasant interests, and suffered from extreme divisions
71
What did some extreme SRs believe in?
Political assassination
72
What did the moderate wing of the Social Revolutionaries gain after 1905?
Influence

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