Chapter 1: Pathology Terms Flashcards

1
Q

is the study of disease

A

Pathology

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2
Q

their job is to monitor, tract and report trends in health and aging. These statically information is sent to the NCHS the National Center for Health Statistics Studying these trends help the public in general to get the information out to better improve their lives and health

A

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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3
Q

abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the body

A

Disease

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4
Q

origin and development of disease Sequence of events that leads from cause to structural and functional abnormalities and finally to manifestation

A

Pathogenesis

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5
Q

Display of characteristic sign or symptoms of a disease (data) observable changes resulting from cellular changes in the disease process

A

Manifestations

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6
Q

patients perception of a disease it is subjective (headache, stomach pain, this list is put under patient history)

A

Symptom

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7
Q

is an objective manifestation that can be detected by a physician during an exam (fever, rash, and swelling) listed on the physical examination

A

Signs

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8
Q

group of signs and symptoms that characterizes a specific abnormal disturbance they occur together

A

Syndrome

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9
Q

when a disease process, does not produce symptoms in the early stages

A

Asymptomatic

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10
Q

the study of the cause of a disease, the why and how (viruses, bacteria, trauma)

A

Etiology

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11
Q

acquired from or within the health care environment the need for proper infection control practices would help limit this type of acquired disease

A

Nosocomial

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12
Q

this type of reaction are adverse responses that occur from the medical treatment themselves, Complications that arise from the medical practitioners (doctors, nurses, x-ray tech) it can be induced by attitude, treatment, or comments. It could such as a collapse lung from a line placement

A

Iatrogenic

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13
Q

a disease if unknown cause

A

Idiopathic

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14
Q

disease has a quick onset or lasting a relatively short period time

A

Acute

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15
Q

the opposite of acute it is a disease that presents slowly and over a long period of time

A

Chronic

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16
Q

name of the disease a patient is believed to have

A

Diagnosis

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17
Q

prediction of the course and the outcome of the disease, it can be based on both morbidity and mortality estimates

A

Prognosis

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18
Q

is the investigation of disease in large groups, the scientific study of the factors that influence the incidence, distribution and control of infectious diseases, the study of occurrence in human populations

A

Epidemiology

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19
Q

number of deaths caused by a particular disease per number of people in the population

A

Mortality Rate

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20
Q

incidence of illness in the population sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine (the frequency of disability with a population / number of people in the population

A

Morbidity Rate

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21
Q

when a disease is highly prevalent to an area, it is an outbreak and rapid spread of a disease in a community, affecting many people at the same time

A

Epidemic

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22
Q

What are the 6 disease classifications?

A

Congenital and Hereditary
Inflammatory
Degenerative –retrogressive changes in the cell often leads to cell death
Metabolic
Traumatic
Neoplastic

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23
Q

-disease present at birth either genetic or environmental, a congenital defect is not necessarily hereditary it can be acquired by infection, radiation, drugs (avoidance)

A

Congenital

24
Q

abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes and are derived from ancestors’ ex. Hemophilia Maybe dominant (transmitted by a single gene from either parent)or recessive ( transmitted by both parents to child)

A

Hereditary diseases

25
Q

results from the body’s reaction to localized injurious agent. Ex.Pneumonia, allergic reaction can results from microorganism (viruses, bacteria, fungi)An invasion starts with capillary dilatation to allow fluids and leukocytes to infiltrate into the damage area, cellular necrosis is common to acute inflammation, and the leukocyte serves to remove the dead material by phagocytosis (engulfing of cells or microorganism and ingest it)

A

Inflammatory disease

26
Q

disease in which the antibodies form against and injure the patient’s own tissues, (known as autoantibodies) Normally antibodies are formed in response to foreign antigens

A

Autoimmune disorder

27
Q

are caused by a deterioration (break down) of the body(aging) the body natural reaches a mature level and then starts to fade to the point the body can no longer survive. Heredity, diet and environmental factors are known to effect the rate of aging. Over time the function of the tissues decrease by decrease in cell numbers or function

A

Degenerative disease

28
Q

caused by disturbance in the normal physiologic function of the body

A

Metabolic disease

29
Q

sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body by endocrine disorders (diabetes, hyperthyroidism)

A

Metabolism

30
Q

disturbances of fluid and electrolytes balance, caused by an insufficient intake of water or excessive loss of it can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or use of diuretics. Upset the normal body’s balance

A

Dehydration

31
Q

effects of a wound or injury physical or psychic

A

Traumatic

32
Q

is a new abnormal tissue growth

A

Neoplastic

33
Q

remains localized and usually noninvasive

A

Benign Neoplasm

34
Q

general term that describes various types of cellular changes that can occur in response to a disease, structural changes maybe biochemical or visible

A

Lesion

35
Q

increase growth, spreads and invades other tissue

A

Malignant Neoplasms

36
Q

spread of malignant cancer cell

A

Metastasis

37
Q

–spread by the circulatory system/ blood system

A

Hematogenous

38
Q

spread by the lymph system

A

Lymphatic

39
Q

cancer cells spread to close proximity to area

A

Invasion

40
Q

cancer cells spread to a different area, a distant site or organ

A

Seeding

41
Q

derived from epithelial tissue

A

Carcinoma

42
Q

derived from connective tissue

A

Sarcoma

43
Q

The 4 types of Metastasis spread?

A
  • Hematogenous
  • Lymphatic
  • Invasion
  • Seeding
44
Q

from blood cells

A

Leukemia

45
Q

lymphtic cells

A

Lymphoma

46
Q

started in the 1950’s as is based on cancers of similar histology or origin with similar patterns of growth

A

TNM System

47
Q

What does the T stand for in TNM system for cancer?

A

T- refers to the size of untreated primary cancer or tumor

48
Q

What does the N stand for in TNM system for cancer?

A

N -refers to nodes involvement

49
Q

What does the M stand for in TNM system for cancer?

A

M- refers to metastases

50
Q

Additionally numbers are added to these letters to indicate the extent of malignancy, the progressive increase in size or involvement of the tumor. The higher the number the more involvement has occurred

A

important

51
Q

shows no tumor involvement

A

ex. T0

52
Q

Some diseases can be destructive; decreasing normal body tissue, there could be changes in the tissue thickness, such as atrophy from limited use. These type of diseases are classified as subtractive or destructive disease processes and require a decrease In the exposure technique on the other hand there are diseases that can cause an increase in normal tissue density. These are classified as additive or sclerotic disease processes and require an increase in exposure technique

A

important

53
Q

refers to the number of new cases found in a given period of time.

A

the incidence of a given disease (incident rate)

54
Q
A
55
Q
A