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CT 3 > Chapter 1 - Pathology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Atelectasis (underventilation - alveolar spaces become devoid of air) may be caused by what?

A
  • tumor, inflammation, mucus plug, pneumothorax, embolus, pneumonia
    (p. 67)
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2
Q

What are symptoms of atelectasis?

A
  • asymptomatic TO
  • cyanosis, dyspnea, pain in affected side
    (p. 67)
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3
Q

CT appearance - soft tissue density which clearly enhances because of compressed vessels

A

Atelectasis (p. 67)

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4
Q

Presence of pleural exudate within pleural cavity

A

Empyema

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5
Q

Empyema may be caused by what?

A

Extension of pneumoonic infection

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6
Q

What are symptoms of Empyema?

A

dyspnea, coughing, chest pain on one side, malaise, fever

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7
Q

CT appearance - convex/concave sicle-shaped appareance between thickened pleural membrane

A

Empyema

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8
Q

When air is present witin the empyema it is indicative of _____________?

A

bronchopleural fistula (p.68)

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9
Q

Pleural effusion may be caused by what?

A
  • transudation arising from cardiac insufficiency
  • serous or purulent effusions caused by pneumonia
    (p. 68)
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10
Q

CT appearance - accumulation of fluid in posterior aspect of lung

A

pleural effusion (p.68)

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11
Q

Air in pleural cavity, resulting in collapse of lung on affected side

A

Pneumothorax

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12
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax is caused by what?

A
  • Result of a rupture of a subpleural bulla

- by weakened area of the lung - esp in tall patients

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13
Q

Traumatic pneumothorax caused by what?

A
  • secondary to rib fractures, contusion, laceration
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14
Q

Tension pneumothorax caused by what?

A
  • Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure in lun during expiration
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15
Q

What are symptoms of pneumothorax?

A

SOB, sharp chest pain, decreased BP, decreased breath sounds on affected side

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16
Q

How is pneumothorax treated?

A

Needle aspiration or insertion of chest tube

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17
Q

CT appearance - presence of air in the pleural space and collapsed lung with mediastinal shift towards the affected side.

A

Pneumothorax

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18
Q

Fairly common (1:1000) congenital defect with a reverse of normal left arch. Often associated with Tetrology of Falot. Asymptomatic and incidental finding

A

Rt arch with anomalous Lt subclavian artery

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19
Q

Appearance of Helilcal CT - presence of right aortic arch with lt subclavian artery. Descending aorta crosses from right to left and descends in normal location.

A

Rt arch with anomalous lt subclavian artery

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20
Q

A dilation of aorta greater than _______ would be considered an aneurysm.

A

4 cm

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21
Q

Greater than ________ a thoracic aneurysm would require surgery.

A

10 cm

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22
Q

A thoracic aneurysm is usually associated with which disease processes?

A

arteriosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease, abdominal aneurysms

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23
Q

What are symptoms of thoracic aneurysm?

A

substernal/back/shoulder pain, SVC sydrome (venous compression)

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24
Q

Appearance of helical CT - dilation of the aorta with possible thrombus

A

Thoracic aneurysm (p.71)

25
Q

Hemorrhage of the vasa vasorum (network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels) leading to a tear in the weakened intima.

A

Aortic dissection (p. 71)

26
Q

Aortic dissection is associated with what?

A

arteriosclerosis and hypertension (p. 71)

27
Q

Describe the 3 types of aortic dissection. Which require medical treament?

A 
Type 1 (32%): entire aorta involved
Type 2 (18 %) : ascending aorta is involved
Type 3 (50 %) : only descending aorta is involved
Type 1 & 2 require surgical intervention, Type 3 rarely requires attention as it rarely goes prox. (p. 71)
28
Q

Appearance of helical CT - two lumina filled with contrast.

A

aortic dissection - a non-contrast scan is often performed to rule-out an intramural hematoma (p. 71)

29
Q

Thickening of pericardial stripe with a serous fluid buildup around the ventricles.

A

Pericardial effusion (p. 72)

30
Q

It is a result of CHF and may lead to cardiac tamponade (pressure on heart muschle).

A

Pericardial effusion (p. 72)

31
Q

Appearance of routine CT - concentric hypodense opacity surrounding the heart.

A

Pericardial effusion (p. 72)

32
Q

Occlusion of pulmonary artery.

A

pulmonary embolism

33
Q

PE is caused by what?

A

DVT

34
Q

What happens to the patient if the occlusion is >50%

A

Patient may go in shock with dyspnea and have low blood gas levels. Treated with thrombolysis

35
Q

CT appearance : filling defect in affected pulmonary artery. May have decreased arterial supply to affected lobe.

A

PE - CT is 90-100% sensitive to MAIN and SEGMENTAL pulm arteries but NOT for SUBSEGMENTAL arteries.

36
Q

Budding or branching abnormality of primitive foregut (anterior part of the alimentary canal from mouth to the duodenum) - resulting in cyst containing mucus or clear fluid.

A

Bronchogenic cyst (p. 73)

37
Q

It is often associated with spinal abnormalities. Pt may be asymptomatic, stridor and dysphagia.

A

Bronchogenic cyst (p. 73)

38
Q

Appearance of CT - smooth round masses usually found in the subcarinal space as an incidental finding. Ct # will be close to water.

A

Bronchogenic cyst (p. 73)

39
Q

What are symptoms of bronchial carcinoma?

A

Asymptomatic OR present with cough or haemoptysis

40
Q

Which type of bronchial carcinoma: slow growth, usually central, associated with smoking and rarely metastasizes

A

squamous cell ca (p. 73)

41
Q

Which type of bronchial carcinoma: slow growth, usually upper lobe, and associated with mets

A

adenocarcinoma (p. 73)

42
Q

Which type of bronchial carcinoma: rapid growth, varied location, associated with mets

A

Small cell ca (p.73)

43
Q

Which type of bronchial carcinoma: intermediate growth rate, usually peripheral, some mets.

A

Large cell ca (p. 73)

44
Q

Appearance of CT - mass with irregular or spiculated edge due to fibrosis. May have lobulated contour and/or central cavitation.

A

Bronchial carcinoma (p. 73)

45
Q

Name origin of pulmonary mets in order of frequency.

A

Breast, kidney, head, neck (p. 74)

46
Q

Acute inflammation or infection of lung from bacteria or viruses

A

Pneumonia (p. 74)

47
Q

This type of pneumonia affects a segment or entire lobe. Symptoms include : cough, sharp chest pains, bloody sputum, increased pulse & respiration.

A

lobar pneumonia (p. 74)

48
Q

This type of pneumonia is more common, affects a smaller area with localized inflammation. Greadual, less sever symptoms than lobar.

A

Bronchopneumonia (p. 74)

49
Q

Appearance of CT - air spaces of the secondary lobules display multilocular infiltrates. Density orients segmentally.

A

pneumonia (p. 74)

50
Q

Chronic dilation of bronchi and bronchioles. Congenital and pediatric disease, sometimes secondary to chronic sinus infection., asthma, pneumonia.

A

bronchiectasis (p. 75)

51
Q

Symptoms include : persistant cough (bronchi thicken and secrete mucus), SOB, hemoptysis

A

bronchiectasis (p. 75)

52
Q

Appeaerance of CT - bronchi thick walled, usually in posterior basal segments of lower lobe, signet ring sing

A

bronchiectasis (p. 75)

53
Q

Circumbscribed, dense mass occurring in reaction to the presence of infection, inflammation, FB. Constitutes majority of solitary pulmonary nodules. Round shat, central calcification = benign nature.

A

Granuloma (p.75)

54
Q

Appearance of CT - incidental finding as small calcified nodule

A

Granuloma (p.75)

55
Q

Irreversible disorder, increased air space size distal, terminal bronchi - caused by mucus plugs. Caused by natural loss of elasticity and smoking.

A

Emphysema (p. 76)

56
Q

Symmptoms : persistant moist cough, wheezing, barrel chest - tx bronchodilators

A

Emphysema ( p.76)

57
Q

Appearance of CT - areas of low attenuation, with draped vessels. Dilation retrosternal space and central pulmonary vessels due to arterial pulmonary hypertension.

A

Emphysema ( p. 76)

58
Q

Widespread formation granulomas - lead to pulmonary fibrosis. Chronic - asymptomatic, fever, malaise, weight loss, dry cough, hemoptysis

A

Sarcoidosis ( p. 76)

59
Q

Appearance of CT - various densities filled with fine nodules as well as hilar lymph node enlargement.

A

Sarcoidosis ( p. 76)

CT 3 (1 decks)

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