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GOP300 (Pathology) > Chapter 1: Pathological Definitions > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Pathological Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

General concepts

A

The study of disease

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2
Q

Disease

General concepts

A

A state in which a living organism is not in homeostasis

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3
Q

Homeostasis

General concepts

A

A state of dynamic balance of life processes that exists in a healthy living organism

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4
Q

Lesion

General concepts

A

An abnormality that arises in living tissue as a result of a loss of homeostasis. It may be 1. biochemical, 2. biochemical and microscopic, or 3. biochemical, microscopic and macroscopic.

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5
Q

Somatic pathology

General concepts

A

The study of disease of the body.

soma = body

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6
Q

Psychopathology

General concepts

A

The study of disease of the mind.

psyche = mind

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7
Q

Aetiology

General concepts

A

The proximate cause of a specific disease.

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8
Q

Specific disease

General concepts

A

A disease in which the proximate cause (aetiology) is known.

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9
Q

Pathogenesis

General concepts

A

The development of a lesion and/or a disease in space and time.

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10
Q

Diagnosis

General concepts

A

The identification of a disease by its name.

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11
Q

Aetiological diagnosis

General concepts

A

The identification of the proximate cause of the disease that has been diagnosed.

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12
Q

Lesion description

General concepts

A

What the lesion is perceived to be by using the senses of sight, touch and smell.

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13
Q

Morphological diagnosis (MD)

General concepts

A

The identification of a lesion at macroscopical and/or microscopical level in terms of what the lesion is conceived to be.

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14
Q

Root

of Morphological Diagnosis (MD)

General concepts

A

The fundamental name for the lesion.

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15
Q

Qualifiers

of Morphological Diagnosis (MD)

General concepts

A

Terms that provide more information about the root for example degree (severity), time span, distribution, cause

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16
Q

Genetic diseases

General concepts

A

Diseases in which the aetiology is primarily a defect or defects in the genes themselves.

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17
Q

Environmental diseases

General concepts

A

Diseases in which the aetiology is primarily an environmental factor/s

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18
Q

Mendelian Disorders

General concepts

A

Genetic dieases involving a single recessive or dominant gene pair

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19
Q

Polygenic Disorders

General concepts

A

Genetic diseases involving more than one pair of genes

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20
Q

Cytogenetic Disorders

General concepts

A

Genetic diseases involving abnormalities of parts of chromosomes or whole of chromosomes

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21
Q

Infectious Diseases

General concepts

A

Diseases caused by pathogenic microscopic organisms

pathogenic microscopic organisms = pathogens

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22
Q

Contagious Diseases

General concepts

A

A subset category of infectious diseases caused by pathogens which are easily transmitted by physical contact

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23
Q

Iatrogenic

General concepts

A

Caused by the clinician

From the Greek word “iatros” = “healer” and “gennan” = “as product of”

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24
Q

Idiopathic

General concepts

A

Of unknown cause. An idiopathic disease is one in which the aetiology is unknown or uncertain

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25
Q

The suffix: ‘itis’

General concepts

A

Denotes an inflammatory lesion

e.g. “hepatitis” = inflammation of the liver

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26
Q

The suffix: ‘osis’

General concepts

A

Denotes diffuse cell injury

e.g. “hepatosis” = diffuse liver cell injury

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27
Q

The suffix: ‘opathy’

General concepts

A

Denotes the presence of a lesion of unknown nature in an organ and should only be used to indicate that you have no idea what the lesion is

e.g. “encephalopathy” = lesion(s) in the brain (nature unestablished)

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28
Q

Atrophy

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The decrease in size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in the size of the constituent cells (quantitative atrophy) and/or a decrease in the number of cells (numerical atrophy)

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29
Q

Hypertrophy

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the constituent cells

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30
Q

Hyperplasia

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The incease in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of the constituent cells

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31
Q

Metaplasia

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The change in an organ or tissue of a cell from one type of mature cell to another type of mature cell of the same embryonal origin

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32
Q

Dysplasia

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The disorderly differentiation of the cells in a tissue, most often seen in the epidermis of the skin

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33
Q

Aplasia

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The failure of an embryonal anlage for an organ or tissue to develop (the anlage is present but not developed)

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34
Q

Agenesis

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The failure of an embryonal anlage to form (the anlage is absent)

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35
Q

Hypoplasia

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The failure of an organ or tissue to develop to its full size

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36
Q

Developmental defects

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The failure of specific embryological and/or foetal developmental processes

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37
Q

Hamartoma

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

An overgrowth of normal tissue in a location in which it is normally found

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38
Q

Choristoma

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

An overgrowth of normal tissue in a location in which it is not normally found

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39
Q

Involution

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The physiological decrease in the size of an organ or tissue following completion of a normal function

(like mammary glands after weaning)

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40
Q

Cachexia

Adaptations of cells to chronic injury

A

The term used to describe an animal that shows atrophy of all the parenchymatous organs and skeletal muscles, serous atrophy of the body fat, and (non-regenerative) anaemia. Usually caused by starvation or chronic debilitating diseases.

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41
Q

Sublethal cell injury

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

Mild to moderate injury to the cell which is reversible should the cause of injury be removed

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42
Q

Lethal cell injury

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

Severe injury to the cell resulting in cell death

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43
Q

Direct membrane injury

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

Injury to the plasma membrane by a host of agents.

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44
Q

Indirect membrane injury

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

Injury to the plasma membrane secondary to ATP depletion caused by cellular hypoxia or cyanide poisoning

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45
Q

Oncosis

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

This is cell swelling (osmotic cell oedema) following on direct or indirect membrane injury, which may or may not be lethal

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46
Q

Lipidosis

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

The accumulation of triglkycerides in the cytoplasm of a cell

“osis” = diffuse cell injury

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47
Q

Necrosis

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

A process following cell death involves hydrolytic enzyme release from lysosomes with consequent denaturation and coagulation of the cytoplasmic proteins

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48
Q

Coagulative necrosis

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

The usual type of necrosis in which cell and tissue architecture is retained

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49
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

= malacia

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

The type of necrosis in the CNS that is associated with softening of the tissues

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50
Q

Caseous necrosis

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

The type of necrosis seen in tuberculosis and caseous lymphadentis in which the necrotic tissue resembles crumbly cheese

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51
Q

Fat necrosis

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

The change seen in adipose tissue following the release of free fatty acids from adipocytes

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52
Q

Saponification

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

The chemical process induced in adipose tissue by free fatty acids that react with calcium ions to form alkaline salts known as soaps

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53
Q

Gangrene

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

Necrosis of tissues, usually the distal limbs and ears, mostly because of failure of the blood supply

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54
Q

Apoptosis

Sublethal and lethal cell injury

A

A process involving the activation of caspases and the Bcl2 gene in the cell, leading to cell death via a complex molecular cascade

caspases = protease enzymes
Bcl2 gene = regulates cell death

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55
Q

Autophagy-associated cell death

Regulate cell death

A

A process in which cells generate energy and metabolites by digesting their own organelles and macromolecules, leading to cell death if nutrients are not received by the cell.

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56
Q

Programmed cell death

Regulate cell death

A

Genetically controlled cell death, which includes apoptosis and autophagy-associated cell death

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57
Q

Pycnosis

Regulate cell death

A

The process of condensation of nuclear chromatin following cell death

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58
Q

Karyorrhexis

Regulate cell death

A

The disintegration of the nucleus into bits of condensed chromatin following cell death

“rrhexis” = rupture

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59
Q

Karyolysis

rupture of any vessel

A

The dissolution of nuclear chromatin following cell death

“lysis” = break down

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60
Q

Lipid deposits

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

Intracellular vacuolar deposits with a variety of causes

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61
Q

Cholesterol deposits

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

Intracellular deposits in smooth muscle cells of arterial walls (=atherosclerosis) or extracellular deposits in old heaemorrhages

“rrhage” = excessive flow

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62
Q

Protein deposits

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

Intracellular deposits in renal PCT cells in nephrotic syndrome, and overstimulated plasma cells. Extracellular deposits in the alveoli, blood vessel walls and on the basement membrane

PCT = Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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63
Q

Glycogen

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

Exessive intracellular accumulation in hepatocytes in glycogen storage

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64
Q

Carbon

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

An exogenous pigment that causes anthracosis if inhaled or ingested

“osis” = diffuse cell injury

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65
Q

Silica

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

An exogenous pigment that causes silicosis if inhaled or ingested

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66
Q

Asbestos

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

An exogenous pigment that causes asbestosis if inhaled or ingested

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67
Q

Copper

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

An exogenous pigment that may accumulate in the liver if ingested

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68
Q

Lipofuscins

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

Endogenous pigments derived from the breakdown of cell membranes that accumulate in post-mitotic cells of older individuals

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69
Q

Ceroid

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

An acid-fast, autofluorescent variant of lipofuscins

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70
Q

Melanin

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

A normal endogenous black pigment which is sometimes fount in abnormal locations

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71
Q

Pseudomelanin

A
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72
Q

Pseudomelanin

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

A black pigment (iron sulphide) formed post mortem (PM)

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73
Q

Haemosiderin

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

Intracellular aggregates of the endogenous pigment ferritin, mostly found in macrophages

ferritin = iron + apoferritin

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74
Q

Bile pigments

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

Endogenous pigments derived from the breakdown of haemoglobin, which accumulate in bile cannaliculi, hepatocytes and renal PCT cells in diseases characterized by icterus

icterus = jaundice (geelsig)

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75
Q

Haematoidin

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

A bright yellow pigment derived from haemoglobin at sites of haemorrhage in tissues

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76
Q

Acid haematin

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

A blackish brown pigment derived from haemoglobin as an artefact in tissues fixed in unbuffered (acid) formalin

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77
Q

Calcium salts

Intracellular and extracellular accumulations

A

are responsible for the radiopacity of bone, calcified cartilage, and arteriosclerotic plaques in arteries. Also used to prevent osteoporosis and to treat cardiac arrest and hyperkalaemia

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78
Q

Pathologic Calcification

Pathologic Calcification

A

The deposition of calcium salts in the cells and tissues of the body

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79
Q

Dystrophic Calcification

Pathologic Calcification

A

The deposition of calcium salts in dying and dead tissues

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80
Q

Hypercalcaemic calcification

= metastatic calcification

Pathologic Calcification

A

The deposition of calcium salts in certain living tissues due to hypercalcaemia

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81
Q

Calcinosis

Pathologic Calcification

A

A disease complex in which their is calcification in the dermis of the skin

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82
Q

Cacinosis cutis

Pathologic Calcification

A

A calcinosis associated with hypercortisolism in dogs

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83
Q

Calcinosis circumscripta

Pathologic Calcification

A

An idiopathic calcinosis of mainly German Shepherds and Great Danes

idiopathic = of unknown aetiology (cause)

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84
Q

Ectopic bone

A

The formation of new bone material where it does not belong

Ectopic = tissue forms where it doesn’t belong

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85
Q

Oedema

Circulatory disorders

A

The swelling of tissues and organs by the presence of excessive serous fluid in the extravascular compartment

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86
Q

Transudate

Circulatory disorders

A

The term used to decribe the serous fluid that accumulates in the extravacscular compartment

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87
Q

Modified transudate

Circulatory disorders

A

A transudate containing some protein and cells

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88
Q

Hyperaemia

Circulatory disorders

A

An increased volume of blood in a tissue or organ due to an increase in blood flow to that tissue or organ

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89
Q

Congestion

Circulatory disorders

A

An increased volume of blood in a tissue or organ due to impaired venous drainage of that tissue or organ

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90
Q

Haemorrhage

Circulatory disorders

A

Is the extravasation of blood

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91
Q

Haemorrhage per rhexis

Circulatory disorders

A

Is due to physical injury to the vessel wall

e.g. cuts or tears

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92
Q

Haemorrhage per diabrosis

Circulatory disorders

A

Is due to pathological processes affecting the vessel wall

e.g. vasculitis

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93
Q

Haemorrhage per diapedesis

Circulatory disorders

A

Is due to seepage of blood between injured capillary endothelial cells

94
Q

Petechium/ Petechiae

Circulatory disorders

A

Small, flat haemorrhge of about 1mm in diameter

95
Q

Ecchymosis/ Ecchymoses

Circulatory disorders

A

Medium-sized, flat haemorrhage (about 2-15mm in diameter)

96
Q

Suffusive haemorrhage

Circulatory disorders

A

Large flat haemorrhage (greater that 15mm diameter)

97
Q

Haematoma

Circulatory disorders

A

Local (ofter spherical) accumulations of blood in tissue or organs

98
Q

Thombus

Circulatory disorders

A

A pathological clot in the lumen of blood or lymph vessel

99
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Circulatory disorders

A

A pathophysiological state in which there is excessive stimulation of the clotting cascade

100
Q

Embolus

Circulatory disorders

A

A detached (free-floating) physical mass in the lumen of a vessel

101
Q

Infarct

Circulatory disorders

A

A localised area of ischaemic necrosis in a tissue or organ produces by occlusion of the arterial supply or the venous drainage

Ischaemic necrosis = Cell death caused by hypoxia

102
Q

Arterial infarct

Circulatory disorders

A

A localised area of ischaemic necrosis in a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of the arterial supply

Ischaemic necrosis = cell death caused by hypoxia

103
Q

Venous infarct

Circulatory disorders

A

A localised area of ischaemic necrosis in a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of the venous drainage

Ischaemic necrosis = cell death caused by hypoxia

104
Q

Anaemic infarct

Circulatory disorders

A

An infarct in which little or no bleeding occurs

Also lnown as ischaemic/ white infarct

105
Q

Haemorrhagic infarct

Circulatory disorders

A

An infarct that is red because of the infiltration of blood from collateral vessels into the infacrt

Also known as red infarct

106
Q

Arteriosclerosis

Circulatory disorders

A

Sclerosis (hardening or thickening) of the arterial walls

107
Q

Atherosclerosis

Circulatory disorders

A

A stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (artheromas) in the walls of arteries, thus narrowing the lumen

108
Q

Clinical shock

Circulatory disorders

A

A life-threatening failure of the circulatory system resulting in systemic hypoperfusion

109
Q

Cardiogenic shock

Circulatory disorders

A

Medical shock caused by sudden cardiac failure

110
Q

Hypovolaemic shock

Circulatory disorders

A

Medical shock caused by sudden loss of blood or blood plasma

111
Q

Septic shock

Circulatory disorders

A

Medical shock caused by certain bacterial endotoxins or exotoxins

112
Q

Neurogenic shock

Circulatory disorders

A

Medical shock caused by failure of sympathetic neurogenic vasoconstriction with consequent peripheral blood pooling

113
Q

Anaphylactic shock

Circulatory disorders

A

Medical shock caused by vasodilation mediated by hitamine and cytokines

Type I hypersensitivity

114
Q

Inflammation

Inflammation

A

The reaction of tissues to injury

115
Q

Mild inflammation

Inflammation

A

Minimal tissue reaction to injury

116
Q

Severe inflammation

Inflammation

A

Massive tissue reaction to injury

117
Q

Moderate inflammation

Inflammation

A

Reaction to injury is between mild and severe

118
Q

Peracute inflammation

Inflammation

A

The first minutes to hours of an inflammatory reaction

119
Q

Acute inflammation

Inflammation

A

An inflammatory reaction of a few hours to a few days duration

120
Q

Subacute inflammation

Inflammation

A

An inflammatory reaction of a few days to a few weeks duration

121
Q

Chronic inflammation

Inflammation

A

An inflammatory reaction of a few weeks to many months in duration

122
Q

Chronic-active inflammation

Inflammation

A

An inflammatory reaction with both acute and chronic components

123
Q

Focal inflammation

Inflammation

A

A single area of inflammation, which may vary in size

124
Q

Multifocal inflammation

Inflammation

A

More than one scattered foci of inflammation, some of which are joining up (coalescing)

125
Q

Locally extensive inflammation

Inflammation

A

Involvement of a large proportion of a tissue or organ

126
Q

Diffuse inflammation

Inflammation

A

Involvement of ALL of the tissue or organ

127
Q

Exudate

Inflammation

A

The cells, fluid and chemicals that pass (exude) from the blood vessel lumen into the injured cells

128
Q

Purulent exudate

Inflammation

A

An exudate containing large numbers of leucocytes (=pus).

Also called a supportive exudate

129
Q

Abscess

Inflammation

A

A usually spherical structure consisting of purulent/ supporting exudate (pus) encapsulated in a fibrous capsule

130
Q

Fibrinous exudate

Inflammation

A

An exudate containing a large amount of polymerized fibrinogen

131
Q

Serous exudate

Inflammation

A

A watery exudate containing variable amounts of protein

132
Q

Haemorrhagic exudate

Inflammation

A

An exudate consisting largely of blood

133
Q

Catarrhal exudate

Inflammation

A

An exudate containing a large amount of mucus

134
Q

Eosinophilic exudate

Inflammation

A

An exudate containing a large number of eosinophils

135
Q

Lymphocytic exudate

Inflammation

A

An exudate containing a large number of lymphocytes

136
Q

Plasmacytic exudate

Inflammation

A

An exudate containing large numbers of plasma cells

137
Q

Granulomatous exudate

Inflammation

A

An exudate containing large numbers of macrophages

138
Q

Pseudomembrane

Inflammation

A

A thin membrane covering a mucosal surface, composed of fibrinous exudate, mucus and necrotic and other debris

139
Q

Epithelioid macrophage

Inflammation

A

Macrophages with ovoid nuclei and abundant cytoplasm, resembling epithelial cells

140
Q

Multinucleate giant cells

Inflammation

A

Large cells with many nuclei in a common cytoplasm formed by the fusion of macrophages

141
Q

Margination

Inflammation

A

The slow, rolling motion of leucocytes on the inside of the capillary wall in the pre-exudative phase of inflammation

142
Q

Pavementing

Inflammation

A

Tightly packed marginated leucocytes

143
Q

Emigration

Inflammation

A

The movement of leucocytes from the capillary lumen into the extracellular matrix

144
Q

Chemotaxis

Inflammation

A

Directional migration in response to a chemoattractant gradient

145
Q

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

A

The process by which certain cells internalize particles, hydrolyse them and eject the debris

146
Q

Cytokines

Inflammation

A

Polypeptide mediators secreted by cells in response to a stimulus

147
Q

Chemokines

Inflammation

A

A specific group of cytokines responsible for the selective attraction of various leukocytes

148
Q

Opsonisation

Inflammation

A

The process in which bacteria are coated with C3b, antibody and fibronectin, rendering them more susceptible to phagocytosis

fibronectin = glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that binds integrins

149
Q

Chemical mediators of inflammation

Inflammation

A

Any messenger molecule that acts on inflammatory cells or other cells and blood vessels in order to contribute to the inflammatory response

150
Q

Acute-phase proteins

Inflammation

A

Plasma proteins that either increase or decrease in concentration by at least 25% during an inflammatory reaction

151
Q

Repair

Wound repair and healing

A

The body’s attempt to replace dead or injured tissue with healthy tissue

152
Q

Resolution

Wound repair and healing

A

Complete repair of injured tissue

153
Q

Scarring

Wound repair and healing

A

Incomplete repair of injured tissue, which is replaced by less specialized connective tissue

154
Q

Labile parenchymal cells

Wound repair and healing

A

Cells that constantly multiply during life

155
Q

Stable parenchumal cells

Wound repair and healing

A

Cells with a low rate of turnover during adult life

156
Q

Permanent parenchymal cells

Wound repair and healing

A

Cells with little or no power to regenerate in postnatal life

157
Q

Granulation tissue

Wound repair and healing

A

The specialized fibrovascular connective tissue that replaces dead tissue as the latter is being removed

158
Q

Scar tissue

Wound repair and healing

A

The dense, collagen-rich tissue tht remains following maturation of granulation tissue

159
Q

Proud flesh

Wound repair and healing

A

The lesion arising because of excessive production of granulation tissue

160
Q

Keloid

Wound repair and healing

A

The lesion arising because of excessive production of scar tissue

161
Q

Cicatrisation

Wound repair and healing

A

Excessive contraction of a scar

162
Q

Neuroma

Wound repair and healing

A

A swelling caused by excessive growth of nerve fibers at the distal point of a severed nerve

163
Q

Immunopathology

Immunopathology

A

The study of lesions in the immune system

164
Q

Immunodeficiency disease

Immunopathology

A

Those diseases in which there is an inadequate immune response

165
Q

Hypersensitivity diseases

Immunopathology

A

Those diseases in which the immune system mounts an inappropriately excessive response to a recognized antigen

166
Q

Autoimmune diseases

Immunopathology

A

Those diseases in which an immune response is directed against the body’s own tissues due to a failure of the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self antigens

167
Q

Amyloid

Immunopathology

A

An extracellular deposit composed of any one of a family of unrelated proteins deposited in a specific physical configuration in a number of tissues and organs in association with a diverse group of diseases

168
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

Immunopathology

A

Hereditary defects of the immune system, resulting in disease in young animals

169
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

Immunopathology

A

Acquired defects of the immune system, resulting in disease in mainly older animals

170
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

Immunopathology

A

An immunological over-reaction to an antigen mediated by IgE antibody binding to mast cells, initiating the release of histamine and other cytokines

e.g. anaphylactic shock and allergies

171
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

Immunopathology

A

An immunological over-reaction to an antigen mediated by antobodies that bind to specific antigens on the surface of cells or other tissue components

The abnormal binding of antibodies IgG and IgM to normal host targets.

172
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

Immunopathology

A

An immunological over-reaction to an antigen mediated by the formation of immune complexes

e.g. serum sickness

antibody-antigen complex gets stuck in certain locations

173
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity

Immunopathology

A

An immunological over-reaction to an antigen mediated by sensitized T-lymphocytes

e.g. drug hypersensitivity syndrome

reactions do not involve antibodies

174
Q

Allergy

Immunopathology

A

A localized type I hypersensitivity

175
Q

Anaphylaxis

Immunopathology

A

A systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction

176
Q

Bacteraemia

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

177
Q

Septicaemia

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

The invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic bacteria, with multiplication of and toxin production by the bacteria

178
Q

Viraemia

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

The presence of viruses in the bloodstream

179
Q

Endotoxaemia

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

The presence of endotoxins in the bloodstream

180
Q

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

A life-threatening pathophysiological condition caused be excessive stimulation of chemical mediator systems in the blood plasma

181
Q

Haemorrhagic viraemia

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

A group of viral diseases in which endothelium is targeted ofter leading to SIRS, DIC and haemorrhagic diathesis

SIRS = Systemic Imflammatory Response Syndrome
DIC = Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
diathesis = a tendency to suffer from a particular medical condition

182
Q

Pyaemia

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

The presence of pyogenic bacteria in the bloodstream

capable of causing local purulent inflammation

Purulent inflammation = pus - producing

183
Q

Pyogenic

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

Pus-producing. Usually refers to bacteria, which evoke a neutrophilic response in the body

184
Q

Toxaemia

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

The presence of a toxin in the bloodstream

185
Q

Enterotoxaemia

Organisms and toxins in the blood

A

The presence of toxins in the bloodstream that originate in the intestinal lumen

186
Q

Neoplasia

Neoplasia

A

The process by which normal somatic cells are transformed (mutated) into cells that are no longer under the control of the body in which they are growing

187
Q

Neoplasm

Neoplasia

A

A proliferative lesion composed of mutated cells no longer under control of the body in which they are growing

Neoplasm = tumour

188
Q

Benign neoplasm (tumour)

Neoplasia

A

A neoplasm that does not metastasise

189
Q

Malignant neoplasm (tumour)

Neoplasia

A

A neoplasm that has the potential to metastasise

190
Q

Metastasis

Neoplasia

A

The spread of neoplastic cells from a tumour to a distant organ/tissue

191
Q

Papilloma

Neoplasia

A

A benign neoplasm of sqaumous (non-secretory) epithelial cells

192
Q

Adenoma

Neoplasia

A

A benign neoplasm of glandular (secretory) epithelial cells

193
Q

Carcinoma

Neoplasia

A

A malignant neoplasm arising from an epithelial cell

194
Q

Sarcoma

Neoplasia

A

A malignant neoplasm arising from a connective tissue cell

195
Q

Anaplasia

Neoplasia

A

The failure of a neoplastic cell to differentiate (mature)

196
Q

Pleomorphism

(in neoplasms)

Neoplasia

A

Refers to variable morphology of the cells constituting a specific neoplasm

197
Q

Mitotic index

Neoplasia

A

The number of mitotic figures in neoplastic cells per high power microscope field

198
Q

Proliferative lesion

Neoplasia

A

A lesion which grows in size because of the addition of new cells, cell products to the lesion

199
Q

Stromal lag

Neoplasia

A

Refers to the failure of stroma production in a neoplasm to keep pace with the proliferation of the neoplastic cells

200
Q

Desmoplasia

Neoplasia

A

Excessive production of the fibrous component of stroma of a neoplasm

201
Q

Grading

Neoplasia

A

Quantification of the histological features of a neoplasm in order to provide a histological prognosis

202
Q

Staging

Neoplasia

A

An attempt to classify neoplasms according to their clinical progression

203
Q

Prognosis

Neoplasia

A

An attempt to predict the future course and outcomes of a disease or disease process

204
Q

Transformation

Neoplasia

A

The process by which a normal cell in the body is changes into a neoplastic cell in that body

205
Q

Maturational arrest

Neoplasia

A

The failure of neoplastic cells to differentiate (mature).

Usually maturation is slowed down rather than being fully arrested

206
Q

Oncogenesis

Neoplasia

A

The steps by which a normal cell is transformed into a neoplastic cell

207
Q

Initiation

Neoplasia

A

Sensitisation of a cell to subsequent neoplastic transformation by means of the aplication of a chemical carcinogen

carcinogen = initiator

208
Q

Promotion

Neoplasia

A

Application of a different chemical carcinogen (= promoter) to a sensitised cell, causing it to transform into a pre-neoplastic cell

209
Q

Progression

Neoplasia

A

The steps in oncogenesis that lead to the transformation of a pre-neoplastic cell to a neoplastoc cell

210
Q

Tumour angiogenesis

Neoplasia

A

Is the process by which neoplasms become vascularised

211
Q

Karyotypic abnormalities

= cytogenetic alterations

Neoplasia

A

Are characterised by alterations in the morphology of chromosomes or in their number

212
Q

Oncogenes

Neoplasia

A

These are genes that are involved in the expression of the neoplastic phenotype

213
Q

Proto-oncogenes

Neoplasia

A

These are the normal cell genes that, when mutated, act as cellular oncogenes

214
Q

Anti-oncogenes

= tumour-suppressor genes

Neoplasia

A

These are the cellular genes that promote neoplastic transformation of the cell when they, or their protein products, are absent

215
Q

Tissue invasion

Neoplasia

A

The spread of neoplastic cells form the tumour into the surrounding tissues

216
Q

Implantation

Neoplasia

A

This is the establishment of a neoplasm at a new site following the release of tumour cells from a neoplasm into a boy cavity

217
Q

Paget’s seed-and-soil theory

Neoplasia

A

The idea that particular neoplastic cells, when they metastasise, are better able to establish new tumours at some sites rather than others

218
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Neoplasia

A

These are clinical conditions that result when neoplastic cells release biologically active substances

219
Q

Cancer cachexia

Neoplasia

A

The emaciation that often accompanies malignant neoplasms

emaciation = abnormallt thin or weak

220
Q

Carcinogens

= oncogenes

Neoplasia

A

Substances or agents that produce, in exposed individuals, an incidence of neoplasia greater than that in those who are not exposed.

221
Q

Autolysis

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

The process of cellular degradation caused by lysosomal enzymes that are released after somatic death

222
Q

Putrefaction

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

The PM process resulting from the proliferation of saprophytic bacteria originating from the intestinal tract

e.g. of saprophytic bacteria = E.coli

223
Q

Interim

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

The time interval between death and PM examination

224
Q

Rigor mortis

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

The stiffening of the body after death due to a chemical reaction occuring in the muscles

225
Q

Tiger-striping

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

The parallel, longitudinal red stripes in the mucosae that sometimes form after death

226
Q

Algor mortis

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

Cooling of the body after feath

227
Q

Livor mortis

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

The reddish-purple discolouration of the lower parts of tissues or organs due to PM blood pooling

228
Q

Pseudomelanosis

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

The black pigment (hydrogen sulphide) formed by the action of saprophytic clostridial bacteria after death

229
Q

Bile imbibition

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

The PM staining of tissues or organs with bile pigment

230
Q

Haemoglobin imbibition

Post mortem (PM) changes

A

The PM staining of tissues or organs with haemoglobin pigment

GOP300 (Pathology) (1 decks)

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