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HDSO Dynamic Planet Fresh Water > Chapter 1 part2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 part2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define watershed

A

basin-like landform defined by highpoints and ridgelines that descend into lower elevations and stream valleys.

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2
Q

What happens in the watershed

A

carries water “shed” from the land after rain falls and snow melts.

water is channeled into soils, groundwaters, creeks, and streams,

making its way to larger rivers and eventually the sea.

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3
Q

water is affected by

A

all that it comes in contact with:

  1. the land it traverses,
  2. and the soils through which it travels.
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4
Q

what we do on the land affects

A

water quality for all communities living downstream.

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5
Q

Hydrologic processes encompass a suite of

A

space and time scales

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6
Q

thunderstorm space and time scale

A

space scale: few kilometers or less

time scale: minutes to hours

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7
Q

development of major river basins space and time scale

A

Space scale: 1,000 - 10,000 km

time scale: millions to tens of millions of years

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8
Q

Within watershed, water exists as

A
  • precipitation
  • surface water (or runoff)
  • groundwater
  • evaporation
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9
Q

principle of conservation of mass is applied assuming

A

watershed is a closed system

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10
Q

the principle of conservation of mass is used to

A

track how much water is in storage

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11
Q

What is conservation of mass?

A

for any closed system, mass is conserved over time

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12
Q

equation of conservation of mass

A
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13
Q

the following equation is

A

conservation of mass

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14
Q

What are the inputs of water into our watershed?

A

Precipitation and any groundwater flowing in.

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15
Q

What are the outputs of water into our watershed?

A

Runoff, evaporation and any groundwater flowing out.

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16
Q

The regional water balance equation

A
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17
Q

The following equation is for

A

Regional water balance equation

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18
Q

what does P, GWin, GWout , E, Q and S resemble?

A
  • P: precipitation
  • GW in: ground water (in)
  • GWout: ground water (out)
  • E: Evaporation
  • Q: Runoff
  • S: Storage
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19
Q

What is the equation?

A

simplification of the regional water balance equation

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20
Q

What happens to water after it rains?

A
  • water can infiltrate into the ground and replenish our groundwater supply,
  • evaporate, returning to the atmosphere.
  • flows into rivers and streams and discharges into oceans or reservoirs. (runoff)
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21
Q

What happens to runoff? (starts, flow, …..)

A
  • starts in streams
  • flows into rivers
  • empties into the ocean
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22
Q

Why is runoff important to a community?

A

For people to use as a drinking water source, irrigation source, etc.

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23
Q

Why is runoff important to plants and animals?

A

It keeps them alive and healthy. It provides habitat for aquatic freshwater organisms

24
Q

Why would estimating the amount of runoff be important for engineers?

A

For engineering purposes such as flood management, hydropower applications, dam design, water resource/supply management, etc

25
Q

what would occur if it rains a lot?

A

There will be a lot of runoff.

If the amount of runoff is too much for a riverbed to carry, then water rises up over the riverbanks and creates a flood.

26
Q

Water balance equation in terms of rate of change in storage

A
27
Q

What does I, R and ΔS/Δt mean?

A
  • I: inflow in [L3/T]
  • O: outflow in [L3/T]
  • ΔS/Δt : rate of change in storage over a finite time step in [L3/T] of the considered control volume in the system.
28
Q

The equation can be used when

A

The equation holds for a specific period of time and may be applied to any given system provided that the boundaries are well defined

29
Q

other name for the water balance equation

A
  • Storage Equation
  • Continuity Equation
  • Law of Conservation of Mass
30
Q

types of water balances

A
  • the water balance of the earth surface;
  • the water balance of a drainage basin;
  • the water balance of the water diversion cycle (human interference);
  • the water balance of a local area like a city, a forest, or a polder.
31
Q

Water over the earth is

A

conserved

32
Q

Area in % of water surfaces and continents

A
  • Water surfaces: 71%
  • Continents: 29%
33
Q

Area in % of deserts and forests of continents

A
  • Deserts: 35%
  • Forests: 30%
34
Q

river basin is also called

A
  • watershed
  • catchment
  • drainage basin
35
Q

A river basin

A

is the area contributing to the discharge at a particular river cross-section.

36
Q

water balance equation

A
37
Q

water balance equation means

A

precipitation - evapotranspiration - river discharge = change of storage with time

38
Q

Precipitation and evapotranspiration are usually measured in

A

mm/d

39
Q

river discharge is usually measured in

A

m3/s

40
Q

water balance is often applied to a

A

river basin

41
Q

The size of the catchment increases if

A

the point selected as outlet moves downstream

42
Q

the water balance equation is applicable if

A

If no water moves across the catchment boundary indicated by the broken line

43
Q

percentage of water in world oceans

A

97% of water

44
Q

percent of polar ice (water and fresh water)

A

% of water = 2.14

% of fresh water = 77.6

45
Q

percent of atmospheric water (% of water & fresh water)

A

% of water= 0.001

% of fresh water= 0.03%

46
Q

percent of fresh lakes (fresh water)

A

0.335%

47
Q

a time that the amount of water in store is expected not to vary much for each successive year is known as

A

hydrologic years or as water years

48
Q

The storage equation is especially useful to

A

study the effect of a change in the hydrologic cycle

49
Q

The figure shows

A

The catchment area increases as the control point moves down stream

50
Q

The topographic divide between two watersheds is usually taken as the

A

boundary of the catchment, the water divide

51
Q

the figure shows that

A

the topographic divide applies to surface runoff, but may not necessarily coincide with the boundary for groundwater flow, the phreatic divide

(water balance due to human interaction)

52
Q

Between two high areas is a

A

water shed

53
Q

The water diversion cycle including ………………………….. results in the following water balance equation

A

human interference

54
Q

The water diversion cycle including human interference results in the following water balance equation

A
55
Q

Runoff Coefficient

A

the percentage of rainfall that comes to runoff

56
Q

what does each symbol mean?

A

P = precipitation on the ground surface

E = evapotranspiration from the ground surface

A = net water consumption due to water use

R = runoff from land to ocean

Is = intake of water from surface runoff

Ig = intake of groundwater

D = drainage of waste water

HDSO Dynamic Planet Fresh Water (8 decks)

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