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ethics for health professionals > chapter 1: overview of ethics > Flashcards

chapter 1: overview of ethics Flashcards

1
Q

what is ethics

A

Ethics is a branch of philosophy
concerning moral considerations

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2
Q

how do experiences influence ethics

A

Individual experiences
influence the set of beliefs held by an
individual.

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3
Q

what is a personal value system

A

set of beliefs held by an individual. These beliefs may overlap with other factors.

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4
Q

what are some external influences that can influence a person’s personal value system

A

religion
socioeconomics
family and friends
geographic location
cultural and heritage traditions

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5
Q

give an ethics and expertise example

A

healthcare professionals must must acquire ethical skills reflecting their field
ex Medical assistant must be caring towards a patient in both a legal and ethical manner

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6
Q

what is the difference between ethics and conscience

A

Ethics involve a series of systematic beliefs guided by society. Ethics is built into us (being intrinsic)

Conscience refers to thoughts about
one’s personal beliefs and actions.

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7
Q

how has ethics been formed

A

by many great thinkers

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8
Q

who were the two ancient philosophers before plato and aristotle that shaped the early development of ethics

A

Socrates and Confucius

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9
Q

what was socrates (greek philosopher) known as

A

father of ethics

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10
Q

Who was confucius

A

his teachings perhaps set the foundations for
organized thinking about ethics

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11
Q

who was a student of socrates

A

plato student of socrates
aristotle student of plato

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12
Q

when was confucius born

A

552BC lu china

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13
Q

what did Confucius do

A

isolated himself, devoted to study and reflection. He was shunned and almost starved to death; his wisdom was appreciated after his death when he tried to share his teachings

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14
Q

what were confucius teachings influenced by

A

influenced by the political
conditions of his region. Although respected in his
own area, he was shunned in his extensive travels.

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15
Q

when did confucius teachings start getting praise

A

after his death the writings of
Confucius initiated Confucianism.
479BC

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16
Q

what were some of the beliefs in cofucianism

A

Believes that people live their lives within parameters firmly established by Heaven
* Men are responsible for their actions and especially
for their treatment of others
* Social philosophy largely revolves around ren,
“compassion” or “loving others”
* “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to
others” (The Golden Rule)
* Since you yourself desire standing then help others
achieve it, since you yourself desire success then help
others attain it”

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17
Q

some quotes from confucianism

A

Choose a job you love and you will never have to work a day in your life.
Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.

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18
Q

what was the practice in confucianism

A

altruism

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19
Q

why was altruism necessary

A

necessary for social cohesion could be mastered only by those who have learned self-discipline

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20
Q

what is altruism

A

Refers to behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself

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21
Q

an example of altruism

A

giving your lunch away knowing that doing so will leave you hungry

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22
Q

what was socrates known as

A

father of democracy

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23
Q

who was socrates

A

(born in 478 BC in Athens, Greece)
He taught in the court square; he became a target of officials because of his blunt depiction of local leaders and was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock.

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24
Q

why was socrates sentenced to death

A

accused of corrupting young minds of students and not worshipping the gods of the state

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25
Q

what was socrates teachings centered on

A

inductive reasoning

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26
Q

what is inductive reasoning

A

critical thinking moving from
specific details to generalities

27
Q

what is the socratic method

A

Socrates taught by asking questions:
instead of simply lecturing his students, asking
questions caused reflection in a deeper and more
meaningful way.– encourage open discussion

28
Q

describe the studies of ethics

A

Ethics has different areas of study
with various approaches

29
Q

what do the three areas of ethical study define

A

the types
of ethical philosophy.

30
Q

what do the approaches of ethical studies present ways to arrive at

A

decisions about ethical dilemmas

31
Q

what do ethical dilemmas fall within

A

the three areas of study

32
Q

what do the approaches involving ethical study do

A

are ways of applying the area of study

33
Q

what are the major areas of ethical study

A

meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics

34
Q

what are the approaches of the major areas of ethical study

A

virtue-based, duty-based, consequential approach, and utilitarianism

35
Q

describe meta-ethics

A

meta meaning (beyond) or after
the ethics of ethics
this deals with the nature and the source of ethics, requiring intensive examination and deep reflection

36
Q

what general issues does meta-ethics consider

A

the meaning of “right/wrong” or “good/bad,” the origins of morals, whether morality should vary for different people, etc

37
Q

what does meta-ethics not resolve

A

practical dilemmas

38
Q

describe normative ethics

A

involves the standards by which right and
wrong are determined within or guided by a society.

39
Q

give an example of normative ethics

A

the Golden Rule, “do unto others as you would
have them do unto you” (e.g., stealing)

40
Q

what are the three different strategies or subsets within normative ethics

A

virtue-based, consequential, and duty-based

41
Q

describe virtue-based ethics

A

Individual values determine ethical issues, encouraging the practice of virtues in habits,

42
Q

give an example of virtue-based ethics

A

wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice
(the cardinal virtues).

43
Q

describe consequential approach ethics

A

This balances good over bad consequences.

44
Q

describe utilitarianism as it relates to consequential approach ethics

A

Case Study: Utilitarianism, the most widely known
approach to this area, resolves ethical
dilemmas maintaining that what is best for the
majority is the best solution

45
Q

describe duty-based ethics

A

(Deontology or Rights-Based Ethics). Here individual rights are
central.

46
Q

describe deontology (rights-based ethics) as it related to duty-based ethics

A

Deontology does not
permit the greater good to override an
individual’s rights.

47
Q

describe applied ethics

A

this involves the investigation of morally
controversial issues. The issue must be
controversial in the sense that there is more
than one viewpoint. The issue must be
classified as a moral issue

48
Q

describe how the issues must be in order to be considered in applied ethics

A

The issue must be
controversial in the sense that there is more
than one viewpoint. The issue must be
classified as a moral issue

49
Q

example of applied ethics

A

euthanasia. There are different
viewpoints on this clearly moral issue

50
Q

what is the entire healthcare profession and services based on

A

decisions

51
Q

what makes for the best
patient care knowledge

A

Professional knowledge combined with skills
plus a caring attitude

52
Q

what can guide ethical
decisions.

A

three step model

53
Q

what does ethical decision making deal with

A

a dilemma which is a crisis or a situation in which a
decision is required for change or
improvement.

54
Q

who is the three step ethical decision making model adopted from

A

Kenneth Blanchard and Norman Vincent
Peale, The Power of Ethical Management

55
Q

what are ethical dilemmas

A

are situations in which there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion.

In such cases, societal and personal ethical guidelines can provide no satisfactory outcome for
the chooser.

56
Q

what do ethical dilemmas assume

A

that the chooser will abide by societal norms, such as codes of law or religious teachings,
in order to make the choice ethically impossible.

57
Q

what are the questions you can utilize when using the 3 step ethical decision making model

A

is it legal
is it balanced
how does it make me feel

58
Q

describe the question “is it legal”

A

Typically, if it is not legal it is not ethical

59
Q

describe the question “is it balanced”

A

If it seems extreme to you, it is most
likely not balanced

60
Q

describe “how does it make me feel”

A

This is an essential factor in decision making; how you feel (e.g., feeling
guilty) is most likely a product of your beliefs

61
Q

how can you be balanced in thinking

A

as in the Three-Step Model), all three major areas of ethics are used: meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics

62
Q

what does decision making by healthcare professionals involve

A

intentional reflection

63
Q

what can knowing your own values help you do

A

facilitates a logical and
practical conclusion and appropriate choice

64
Q

what enhances decision making skills

A

practice and experience

ethics for health professionals (1 decks)

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