Chapter 1 Overview of Biochemistry

Question 2

What is the functional group for carboxylic acid?

Answer 2

Carboxylic Acid COOH Acidic Acid.

R indicates aliphatic or aromatic carbon

Question 3

What is the functional group for Amine?

Answer 3

R indicates aliphatic or aromatic carbon

Question 4

What is the functional group for Amide?

Answer 4

R indicates aliphatic or aromatic carbon.

Question 5

Biochemistry has ______ because of __________.

Answer 5

Biochemistry has unity because of evolution.

Question 6

All life uses __________, same ________ amino acids, same sugars, share ________ (and enzymes) etc., even though there are other possibilities.

Answer 6

All life uses A, T, C, G, U, the same 20 amino acids, the same sugars, share glycolysis (and enzymes) etc., even though there are other possibilities.

Question 7

How many domains of life and what are they?

Answer 7

Eukaryotes: ** have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; multicellular** (animals, plants, many fungi) or single-cellular: protists (amoebae, ciliates, flagellates)

Prokaryotes: Most are unicellular (cyanobacteria are multicellular) and NO nucleus, No Organelles: bacteria

Archaea: bacteria-like, but different biochemically; diverged from bacteria early in evolution (live in extreme environments: halophiles, thermophiles, cryophiles)

Question 8

CHOPS

What are the most abundant elements in CHOPS elements plus inorganic salts? What are the Six elements?

Answer 8

CHONPS

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

Question 9

The most important biological compound? What are some of the reasons for this?

Answer 9

Water

60-80% of our mass
solvent for many of our biological molecules
solvent for chemical reactions
Participant in reactions

Question 10

What are the four main biochemical classes?

Answer 10

Carbohydrates - Sugar
Lipids - Fats
Nucleic acids - DNA Info storing molecules ( genetic code)

Proteins

Small Organic molecules: pyruvate, Lactate

Inorganic molecules and ions: Inorganic phosphate, Magnesium, Sodium, potassium, Water, NaCl, etc.

Question 11

Name some of the organic molecules.

Answer 11

pyruvate, lactate

Question 12

Name some Inorganic molecules & ions.

Answer 12

Inorganic phosphate
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
H2O
NaCl

Question 13

What is one of the Inorganic molecules that is critical for biochemistry?

Answer 13

NaCl

Question 14

There is a _ relation between _ and _.

Answer 14

Intimate relation between structure and function.

Question 15

What are some examples of the Intimate relation between structure and function?

Answer 15

DNA Base-pairing
enzyme-substrate recognition
IF U FIT OR DON’T, that is INFORMATION

Question 16

What does it mean to be a donner?

Answer 16

Donors have a partial positive region which will “donate” From hydrogen bonding.

Question 17

Base pairing is dependent on what?

Answer 17

H- bonding

Question 18

How many bonds does A-T make?

Answer 18

2 H bonds between A and T

Question 19

How many bonds does G-C make?

Answer 19

3 H Bonds between G and C

Question 20

Important biochemical interactions include what type of bonds?

Answer 20

Important biochemical interactions include covalent and noncovalent bonds.

Covalent and noncovlaent bonds.

Question 21

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 21

Pairs of electrons that are shared.

Question 22

What is a noncovalent bond?

Answer 22

Pairs of electrons are not shared between atoms.

Question 23

What is the big idea when it comes to covalent vs. noncovalent?

Answer 23

Covalent Vs. Noncovent - would be how the atoms share the electrons.

Question 24

Covalent Bonds are the _______ bonds?

Answer 24

Strongest

Question 25

Name the three interactions that are associated with non-covalent interactions.

Answer 25

1. Electrostatic interactions:

-ionic bonds

-salt bridges

2. Hydrogen bonds ( also electrostatic)
3. Vander der Waals interactions ( also electrostatic)
4. The hydrophobic effect - interaction

Question 26

What is this an example of?

Answer 26

Salt Bridge

Question 27

Salt Bridges in proteins are bonds between oppositely _ _ that are sufficiently _ close to _ _ and experience _ attraction.

Answer 27

Salt bridges in proteins are bonds between oppositely charged residues sufficiently close to each other to experience electrostatic attraction.

Question 28

A Hydrogen bond donor is?

Answer 28

A hydrogen bond donor is a group that includes both the atom to which the hydrogen atom is more tightly linked and the atom itself.

Question 29

A Hydrogen bond acceptor is a?

Answer 29

The hydrogen bond acceptor is the atom less tightly linked to the hydrogen atom.

Question 30

Improtant types of reactions in biochemisty include _ and _ reactions.

Answer 30

Important types of reactions in biochemistry include REDOX and ACID base reactions.

Question 31

What are the three major types of Redox Reactions?

Answer 31

1. Oxygen Atom Transfer
2. Hydrogen Atom Transfer
3. Electron transfer

OIL RIG

Gains and election reduced
Losses an e- oxidation

Question 32

Hydrogen Ion _.

Answer 32

H+, corresponds to a proton

-can bind to water forming hydronium ions, H3O+

Question 33

Hydroxide Ion _.

Answer 33

OH-

Question 34

Brønsted–Lowry acid_.

Answer 34

A substance that can donate a proton (H+ ion) to some other
substance.

PROTON DONOR

Question 35

Brønsted–Lowry base_.

Answer 35

A substance that can accept a proton (H+ ion) from some other
substance.

PROTON ACCEPTOR