Chapter 1: Overview & Basic Concepts

Question 1

1.) Describe the difference between sex and gender.

Question 2

2. Explaingender dysphoria.

Question 3

3. Describe the anatomical position.

Question 4

4. Differentiate the major anatomical planes and describe terminology used for
   specific planes (e.g., median plane).

Question 5

5. Use correct terminology to discuss the relationships between anatomical
   structures (e.g., anterior, proximal).

Question 6

6. Use correct terminology to describe movements of various body parts (e.g.,
   flexion, abduction).

Question 7

7. Describe the two layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis).

Question 8

8. Describe the two major types of fascia (superficial and deep), their function
   and general locations.

Question 9

9. Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton.

Question 10

10. Distinguish the three basic structural types of joints (fibrous, cartilaginous,
    synovial).

Question 11

11. Describe the components of a typical synovial joint.

Question 12

12. Describe four basic types of bony features (elevation, depression, opening,
    space) and list examples of each type (e.g., tubercle, fossa, foramen, cavity).

Question 13

12. Describe four basic types of bony features (elevation, depression, opening,
    space) and list examples of each type (e.g., tubercle, fossa, foramen, cavity).

Question 14

13. List the three types of muscle and where they are found in the body.

Question 15

14. Explain the terms origin and insertion with respect to a muscle.

Question 16

15. Explain the anatomical and functional differences between arteries and veins.

Question 17

16. Define the following terms: anastomosis, collateral circulation, end artery,
    venae comitantes, venous plexus, portal system.

Question 18

17. Describe the basic organization (lymphatic capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks, ducts) and function of the lymphatic system.

Question 19

18. Name the regions of the body that convey lymph to the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct and explain how this lymph enters the circulation.

Question 20

19. Identify and locate the major groups of lymph nodes in the body.

Question 21

20. Describe the general organization of the nervous system (e.g., central vs. peripheral).

Question 22

21. Explain the difference between cranial nerves and spinal nerves, and list how many of each are found in the body.

Question 23

22. Describe the structure of the spinal cord and the organization of the meninges.

Question 24

23. Explain the relationship between the spinal cord and vertebral column.

Question 25

24. Define the concept of a spinal cord segment, and explain what a dermatome is; contrast with peripheral cutaneous nerve territories.

Question 26

25. Identify the parts of a typical spinal nerve and describe the distribution of the dorsal and ventral rami.

Question 27

26. Explain how spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal.

Question 28

27. Describe the basic structure of a neuron and explain the difference between “neuron” and “nerve.”

Question 29

28. Define the following terms in the context of the nervous system: nucleus, tract, ganglion, nerve.

Question 30

29. Describe the different structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar).

Question 31

30. Describe the different functional types of neurons (somatic afferent, somatic efferent, visceral afferent, visceral efferent) and explain generally what they innervate.

Question 32

31. Name the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and their basic functions.

Question 33

32. Explain the terms “preganglionic fiber” and “postganglionic fiber” in the context of the ANS.

Question 34

33. Describe the locations of sympathetic cell bodies (thoracolumbar lateral horn, sympathetic chain ganglia, prevertebral ganglia) and the general routes of their preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Question 35

34. Explain the following terms associated with the sympathetic nervous system: white ramus communicans, gray ramus communicans, internal/external carotid plexuses, splanchnic nerve, cardiac nerve.

Question 36

35. Describe the locations of parasympathetic cell bodies (cranial nerve nuclei, sacral lateral horn, parasympathetic ganglia) and the general routes of their preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Question 37

36. List the cranial nerves that contain preganglionic parasympathetic neurons.

Question 38

37. Discuss the function of visceral afferent neurons that travel with sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

Question 39

38. Explain how images are generated in major imaging modalities used in clinical medicine (radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imagining, ultrasonography and mammography).

Question 40

39. Describe the conventions used to view various types of imaging studies (e.g., radiographs are viewed as if you are facing the patient).

Question 41

40. Explain how the density, thickness and shape of a structure affects its appearance on radiographic images.

Question 42

41. Define the terms used to describe anatomic structures on common imaging studies (radiolucent, radioopaque, high/low attenuation, high/low signal intensity, echogenicity: anechoic, hypoechoic, hyperechoic).