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Ending Illegal Wildlife Trade - A Comprehensive Overview > Chapter 1 - Overview and Parties > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Overview and Parties Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of IWT

A

“the poaching, possession, dealing, transporting, importing/exporting flora and fauna without a relevant permit and/or in contravention of national and international laws” and INCLUDES forest and fisheries crimes

A subset of environmental crime which includes mining, hazardous materials, chemicals, and waste

illegal poaching, smuggling and transport of a specific animal product or species by criminal syndicates or individuals for profit or other material gain

“low risk, high reward crime”

Wildlife crime is estimated as the fourth most profitable crime globally with recent estimates of up to $1-$2 trillion annually

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2
Q

Transnational organized crime groups rely on

A
  1. WEAK criminal justice RESPONSE
  2. Corruption
  3. DISCONNECTED global law enforcement
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3
Q

Natural Resource Crimes $ Annually, expected increase each year

A

2016: UNEP - 91-258 billion
2019: World Bank - 1-2 trillion annually

UN - expect this value to increase 5-7% each year

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4
Q

Those involved in the sale of an animal

A

may not realized they’re a part of an illicit activity, which creates confusion for law enforcement.

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5
Q

Global Initiatives target various parts of the chain:

A

Taking from the wild
Moving it from wild to consumer
Consumers

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6
Q

Overall law enforcement either

A

actively enables through corruption or unintentionally enables through lack of capacity

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7
Q

Consequences of IWT

A
  1. Increased criminality in the areas where the activities are occurring
  2. Communities lose revenue (from like ecotourism? or local trading of valuable items?)
  3. Gov’ts lose money trying to stop the trade
  4. Undermines legal commerce - fucks with economy (overfishing in Africa - local and law abiding fishers can’t generate revenue)
  5. Rural households that might depend on over-exploited animals may be deprived of physically and culturally important species (physical - overfishing means they lose their primary source of protein)
  6. BIODIVERSITY-RELATED - timber loss increases desertification - exacerbates effects of climate change/completely alters the ecosystem
  7. BIODIVERSITY-RELATED - decreases biodiversity - it’s own entire set of issues
  8. BIODIVERSITY-RELATED - Increased exposure to zoonotic disease
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8
Q

Definition of transnational

A

Not just the activities taking place in more than one country, but
when they’re planned in one country and executed in another and
when the effects are “FELT IN MORE THAN ONE STATE”

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9
Q

INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS

CITES

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Founded in 1975, 183 country members
- International Agreement
- Make sure that international trade in wildlife does not threaten their survival
Interesting - sometimes it’s like a subspecies or geographically separate population of a species that’s listed
Appx I - highest level of protection - no commercial trade
Appx II - not threatened yet but may become so without trade controls - export permits required by importing and exporting countries. Includes species that look like other species under threat.
Appx III - a member country has asked, but it’s not necessarily threatened - export permit and certificate of origin required
CITES is legally binding for members. BUT CITES does NOT address the IWT - they just work on regulating trade.
Tricky bit - domestic laws may not protect non-native species, which leaves loopholes that traffickers can exploit]

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10
Q

GLOBAL WILDLIFE CRIME INITIATIVES

ICCWC

A

International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime
(2010)
- Co-ordinates criminal justice system responses and builds global capacity across criminal justice systems.
- Provides support to WENs and law enforcement agencies

(Reps from: UNODC; INTERPOL; World Bank; World Customs Org; CITES)
So while CITES works to regulate the trade of wildlife (with lots of holes), ICCWC co-ordinates the justice system response and builds capacity across them, specifically with WENs

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11
Q

WENs

A

ICCWC supports these
Wildlife enforcement networks (WENs)
- regional
- INTER-Agency
- INTER-Governmental
- Facilitate information sharing on and tackle cross-border IWT
- Develop and share regional best practices in combating IWT

These are them:
Southeast Asian Nations Wildlife Enforcement Network (ASEAN WEN) - Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Phillipines, Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand
South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network (SAWEN) - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Central America Wildlife Enforcement Network (CAWEN/ROAVIS) - Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Dominican Republic
South America Wildlife Enforcement Network (SUDWEN) - Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela
Horn of Africa, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda

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12
Q

GLOBAL WILDLIFE CRIME INITIATIVES

IUCN

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature
data on global extinction risk
data dissemination

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13
Q

GLOBAL WILDLIFE CRIME INITIATIVES

UNODC

A

United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime
assists UN in coordinating response to transnational organized crimes
Works with Member states to:
- strengthen policy
- strengthen legislative and regulatory frameworks
- enhance knowledge and skills
- increase awareness
- enhance cooperation on all levels (global/regional/international)

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14
Q

GLOBAL WILDLIFE CRIME INITIATIVES

UNEP

A

United Nations Environment Programme

  • human-centric perspective
  • economic and national security implications
  • role of corruption and financial crimes

So a supporting player but not focused directly on IWT

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15
Q

GLOBAL WILDLIFE CRIME INITIATIVES
INTERPOL
Basic - kind of approach
Program kind and breakdown

A

INTERnational Criminal POLice Organization
(194 state law enforcement agencies)

INTERPOL takes an OPERATIONAL approach toward law enforcement

The have an Environmental Security Program

  1. Fisheries
  2. Forestry
  3. Pollution
  4. Wildlife
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16
Q

GLOBAL WILDLIFE CRIME INITIATIVES

UfW

A

United for Wildlife
Work within transport and financial sectors
Brings together conservation orgs, govts, and global corporations through their transport and financial taskforce
provides intel on IWT trade risks, trends, typologies

real market intel/trends - not on the ground, not policy or capacity building

Has more than 100 signatories
Declaration signed in 2016

17
Q

Other supporting orgs

A 
Environmental investigation agency
TRAFFIC
Global Financial Integrity
Wildlife Justice Commission
C4ADS
18
Q

GLOBAL WILDLIFE CRIME INITIATIVES
INTERPOL
What do they provide to member states

A
  • investigative and operational support to international cases
    More cross-country/member state assistance
    –> coordinating operations across the supply chain
    –> facilitating information exchange between members of crimes and criminals
    More state-specific assistance
    –> developing targets
    –> law enforcement capacity-building
  • RUNS multiple SPECIES-SPECIFIC operations and programs:
    • -> ARRESTS
    • -> SEIZURE
19
Q

GLOBAL WILDLIFE CRIME INITIATIVES
INTERPOL
Who do they work with

A

Types of orgs/entitites they work with:

  • customs
  • border patrol
  • wildlife ministries
  • national police
20
Q

GLOBAL WILDLIFE CRIME INITIATIVES

INTERPOL VS UNODC VS ICCWC

A

INTERPOL:
- Provides investigative and operational support to international cases:
More cross-country/member state assistance
1. –> coordinating operations across the supply chain
2. –> facilitating information exchange between members of crimes and criminals
More state-specific assistance
3. –> developing targets
4. –> law enforcement capacity-building

UNODC:

  1. helping to strengthen legislative and judicial requirements,
  2. providing research work
  3. providing technical assistance

ICCWC:
1. Share information and facilitate exchange of regional best practices through WENs

  • Difference between ICCWC and UNODC is that ICCWC specifically supports regionally-specific enforcement activities through WENs
  • UNODC supports with research, technical assistance, and has a heavier focus on legislation and legislative frameworks
  • InterPOL focuses more broadly where ICCWC is focused on information sharing and building global capacity across criminal justice systems specifically through WENs
  • INTERPOL is different than UNODC because they are on the ground stuff - law enforcement and capacity building, facilitating the sharing of info on criminals and crime across countries and the supply chain

Ending Illegal Wildlife Trade - A Comprehensive Overview (7 decks)

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