Chapter 1: Overview

Question 1

proteome

Answer 1

the sum of the proteins produced at a given time in a cell

Question 2

genetic polymorphism

Answer 2

when two wild type alleles are common

Question 3

genome

Answer 3

The DNA found in all the chromosomes of an organism

Question 4

How many chromosomes in a human?

Answer 4

23 pairs, 46 total.

Question 5

What are the four main categories of molecules that make up cells? Of these which can form macromolecules?

Answer 5

Nucleic acids proteins carbohydrates and lipids, the first three can form macromolecules

Question 6

Macromolecules

Answer 6

Molecules composed of many repeating units of smaller building blocks

Question 7

What kind of molecules make up the macromolecule DNA ?

Answer 7

Nucleotides

Question 8

Gene

Answer 8

A segment of DNA that produces a functional product

Question 9

Traits

Answer 9

The characteristics of an organism

Question 10

What is the main function of the genetic code?

Answer 10

Cold for the production of cellular proteins in the correct cell, at the proper time, and in suitable amounts

Question 11

What element do all four nucleotides contain?

Answer 11

Nitrogen (obviously aside from carbon and hydrogen)

Question 12

Nitrogen base A

Answer 12

Adenine

Question 13

Nitrogen base T

Answer 13

Thymine

Question 14

Nitrogen base G

Answer 14

Guanine

Question 15

Nitrogen base C

Answer 15

Cytosine

Question 16

Gene expression

Answer 16

The process of using a gene sequence to affect the characteristics of cells and organisms

Question 17

Describe the process of gene expression

Answer 17

Transcription: the DNA sequence within a gene is copied into a nucleotide sequence of ribonucleic acid, most RNA codes for polypeptides, known as mRNA.
Translation: the sequence of nucleotides transcribed in an mRNA must be translated into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide, at this point known as a primary protien. The polypeptide chain folds into either a tertiary or quaternary protein, which then acts as a functional unit.

Question 18

What determines the function of a protein ?

Answer 18

Its structure

Question 19

Morphological traits

Answer 19

Traits that affect the appearance of an organism

Question 20

Physiological trait

Answer 20

Traits that affect the ability of an organism to function

Question 21

Behavioural trait

Answer 21

Traits that affect the way an organism responds to its environment

Question 22

What four levels of biological organisation does genetics span? Describe examples of each

Answer 22

Molecular: gene transcription and translation
Cellular: translated protein affects the function of the cell
Organism: traits of an organism are determined by the characteristics of its cells
Population: A group of organisms that maintain a distinctive set of characteristics is termed a species, populations that have beneficial traits will have greater reproductive success, and more genes will exist to continue the process at the cellular level

Question 23

Genetic variation

Answer 23

Differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population

Question 24

Morph

Answer 24

Contrasting forms within a single species

Question 25

Norm of reaction

Answer 25

Effects of environmental variation on an individual’s traits

Question 26

Diploid

Answer 26

To possess two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent

Question 27

What are two copies of analogous chromosomes in a diploid organism called?

Answer 27

Homologs of each other

Question 28

Somatic cells

Answer 28

In humans, diploid cells containing 46 chromosomes that are not involved in sexual reproduction

Question 29

Gametes

Answer 29

Sperm and egg cells

Question 30

Are gametes deployed or haploid?

Answer 30

Haploid

Question 31

Genetic cross

Answer 31

The breeding of two selected individuals and the subsequent analysis of their offspring

Question 32

What does a loss of function mutation result in?

Answer 32

A loss of function allele

Question 33

Which chromosomes are not found in homologous pairs?

Answer 33

Sex chromosomes in diploids, all haploid cells