Chapter 1 OrganizationOf The Human Body Flashcards
The science of body structures and relationships among the structures.
Anatomy
The science of body functions.
Physiology
The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
Embryology
Cellular structure and function
Cell Biology
Microscopic structure of
tissues.
Histology
Structures that can be
examined without a microscope
Gross Anatomy
Structure of specific
systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
Systemic Anatomy
Specific regions of the
body such as the head or chest.
Regional Anatomy
Surface markings of the
body
Surface Anatomy
Structural changes
associated with disease.
Pathological Anatomy
the sum of all the chemical
processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
is the breakdown of complex
chemical substances into simpler components
Catabolism
is the building up of complex
chemical substances from smaller, simpler
components
Anabolism
the condition of equilibrium
in the body’s internal environment.
Homeostasis
dilute, watery solutions
found both inside cells and surrounding
cells.
Body fluids
the fluid within
body cells
Intracellular fluid (intra- = inside), ICF
the fluid
outside body cells
Extracellular fluid (extra- = outside), ECF
ECF filling spaces between cells
Interstitial fluid
ECF within blood vessels
Blood plasma
ECF within lymphatic vessels
Lymph
ECF in and around
the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
ECF in joints
Synovial fluid
two
different types of ECF within the eyes
Aqueous humor and Vitreous body
two control
systems of the body
– Nervous system, by means of nerve impulses
– Endocrine system, by means of hormones
– Operate mainly through negative feedback systems
Components of a
feedback system are
– Receptor
– Control center
– Effector
Most commonly used
feedback system
Reverses a change in a
controlled condition
Negative feedback system
Strengthens or reinforces a
change in one of the body’s
controlled conditions
Continues until interrupted by
some mechanism outside the
system
Positive feedback system
any abnormality of structure or
function
Disorder
more specific term for an illness
characterized by recognizable signs and
symptoms.
Disease (Local and Systemic)
objective changes that can be
observed and measured (such as swelling, rash, fever, high blood pressure)
Signs
subjective changes not apparent
to an observer (such as headache, nausea,
anxiety)
Symptoms
Cephalic
Head
Cranial
Skull
Cervical
Neck
Otic
Ear
Orbital
Eye
Oral
Mouth
Buccal
Cheek
Thoracic
Chest
Abdominal
Abdomen
Pelvic
Pelvis
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Cubital
Elbow
Antebrachial
Forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Metacarpal
Hand/Palm
Inguinal
Groin
Coxal
Hips
Gluteal
Buttock
Femoral
Thigh
Patellar
Knee
Crural
Leg
Sural
Calf
Tarsal
Ankle
Digital or Phalangeal
Toes/Fingers
Dorsum
Top of foot
Plantar
Sole of foot
Superior
Above, top, toward head
Inferior
Below, bottom, away from head
Anterior (Ventral)
Toward the front
Posterior (Dorsal)
Toward the back
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from midline
Nearest to the origination
Proximal
Farther from the origination
Distal
Same side of the body
Ipsilateral
Opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Towards the surface
Superficial
Towards the core of the body
Deep
Covering over an organ
Visceral
Covering against a cavity wall
Parietal
Dorsal body
cavity comprises of
– Cranial cavity
– Vertebral canal
Ventral body
cavity comprises of
– Thoracic cavity
– Abdominopelvic cavity
cavity is subdivided into lateral plural cavities, and the mediastinum which contains the pericardial cavity (enclosing the heart), esophagus, trachea, etc.
Thoracic cavity
Extends from
the diaphragm
to the groin
Divided into two portions, although no structure separates them
Abdominopelvic cavity
– Abdominal cavity
– Pelvic cavity
a membrane that lines a body cavity that does open to the exterior
mucous membrane
a membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior
serous membrane
The parts of the serous membrane are:
- The visceral layer, next to the viscera
- The parietal layer, lining the wall of the cavity
There is a cavity between the two membranes (layers) containing serous fluid which reduces friction during movement
serous membrane of pleural cavities
Pleura
– Visceral pleura on surface of lungs
– Parietal pleura lines chest wall
– Pleural cavity between the two
serous membrane of pericardial cavity
Pericardium
– Visceral pericardium covers surface of heart
– Parietal pericardium lines chest wall
– Pericardial cavity between the two
serous membrane of abdominal
cavity
Peritoneum
– Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera
– Parietal peritoneum lines abdominal wall
– Peritoneal cavity between the two
inflammation of the pleurae
Pleurisy
inflammation of the peritonea
Peritonitis
The organs that are located behind the parietal
peritoneum, between it and the posterior abdominal
wall.
Retroperitoneal
– Kidneys – Adrenal glands – Pancreas – Duodenum of the small intestine – Ascending and descending colons of the large intestine
Abdominopelvic regions
Nine regions formed
by four lines
– Top horizontal line =
subcostal line
– Bottom horizontal line = transtubercular line
– Vertical lines = midclavicular lines
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Four quadrants
formed by two
lines
– Vertical through
umbilicus
– Horizontal
through umbilicus
