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ANPH100 > Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ level
  5. System level
  6. Organismal level
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2
Q

Define the chemical level of organization

A

Smallest unit of matter participating in chemical reactions. Includes atoms and molecules.

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3
Q

Define the cellular level of organization

A

This is the level that forms the basic structural and functional units of an organism.

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4
Q

In the analogy of a book being an organism, what would the cellular level be to a book?

A

This would be equivalent to the words in the book

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5
Q

Name three types of cells in the body

A

Muscle
Nerve
Blood

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6
Q

In the analogy of an organism being a book, what is the tissue level?

A

This would be equivalent to the sentences in a book.

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7
Q

Define the tissue level of organization

A

This level is made up of groups of cells and the materials surrounding them to perform a particular function

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8
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue in the body?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

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9
Q

Define the organ level of organization

A

This level is made up of different kinds of tissues to form body structures that have a recognizable shape and specific functions.

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10
Q

In the analogy of an organism being a book, what is the organ level?

A

This would be equivalent to the paragraphs of a book

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11
Q

Define the system level of organization.

A

This level of organization is comprised of related organs that have a common function.

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12
Q

In the analogy of an organism being a book, what is the system level?

A

This would be equivalent to the chapters of a book

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13
Q

Define the organismal level

A

This is the largest level of organization. All systems of the body combine to make an organism

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14
Q

What are the components of the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

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15
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

Regulate body temperature
Protects body
Eliminates some wastes
Helps make vitamin D
Detects sensations like touch, pressure, pain, temperature
Stores fat and provides insulation

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16
Q

What are the components of the Skeletal System?

A

Bones
Joints
Cartilage

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17
Q

What are the functions of the Skeletal System?

A

Supports and protects the body
Provides specific area for muscle attachment
Assists with body movement
Stores cells that make blood cells
Stores minerals and lipids

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18
Q

What are the components of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

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19
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

Body movements like walking
Maintains posture
Produces heat

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20
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Special sense organs like the eyes and ears

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21
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in environment,
interpreting changes, and responding to the changes by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

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22
Q

What are the components of the Endocrine System?

A

Glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions, called hormones

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23
Q

What are the functions of the Endocrine System?

A

Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs

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24
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood
Heart
Blood vessels

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25
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart - pumps blood through blood vessels
Blood - carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells, carries carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells, and regulates acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids
Blood components - defends against disease and mend damaged blood vessels

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26
Q

What are the components of the Digestive System?

A

Mouth
Pharynx/throat
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines
Rectum
Anus
Accessory digestive processes - salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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27
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

Physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes

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28
Q

What are the components of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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29
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine;
Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
Helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids
Maintains body’s mineral balance
Helps regulate red blood cell production

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30
Q

What are the components of the Reproductive System in males?

A

Testes
Epididymis
Ductus/vas deferens
Penis

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31
Q

What are the components of the Reproductive System in females

A

Ovaries
Uterine/fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands

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32
Q

Name the 11 types of body systems

A

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic/Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

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33
Q

Define metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical processes in the body

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34
Q

Define responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and react to changes in the environment

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35
Q

Define movement

A

Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny organelles within the cells

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36
Q

Define growth

A

Increase in body size due to any of the following:
Increase in the size of existing cells
Increase in the number of cells
Increase in the material surrounding the cell

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37
Q

Define differentiation

A

Process in which unspecialized cells become specialized - become specific in their structure and function, different from their unspecialized form.

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38
Q

Reproduction

A

This refers to either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement;
or the production of a new individual

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39
Q

Define homeostasis

A

This is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions within the body

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40
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

This ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body

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41
Q

What are the differences between negative and positive feedback systems?

A

A negative feedback system will reverse the direction of a controlled condition, whereas a positive feedback system will strengthen the direction of a controlled condition.

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42
Q

What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease?

A

A symptom is a subject change in body function that is not apparent to an observer, whereas signs are objective changes that are observable and measurable by a clinician

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43
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

This is the fluid surrounding body cells.

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44
Q

What is a negative consequence of low blood glucose?

A

Unconsciousness and possibly death

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45
Q

What is a negative consequence of high blood glucose

A

Damage to blood vessels and excessive loss of water in urine

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46
Q

Within the context of a feedback system, define the controlled condition

A

This is the variable that is monitored within the feedback system. It can be heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, glucose level, etc.

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47
Q

Within the context of a feedback system, define a stimulus

A

This is any disruption that causes a change in the controlled condition

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48
Q

What are the three basic components making up a feedback system?

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

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49
Q

In the context of a feedback system, what is a receptor?

A

This is a structure in the body that receives a stimulus and sends information, or inputs, to the control center.

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50
Q

In the context of a feedback system, what is a control center?

A

This sets a range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained. It evaluates inputs received from receptors and generates output commands to the effectors as appropriate

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51
Q

In the context of a feedback system, what is an effector?

A

This is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or an effect that will change the controlled condition.

52
Q

What kinds of conditions are negative feedback systems often used to regulate?

A

These are used to regulate conditions that are held stable over long periods, such as blood pressure, glucose level, and body temperature.

53
Q

Which feedback system requires a mechanism to interrupt it to end?

A

Positive feedback systems

54
Q

In the positive feedback of childbirth, describe the stimulus, receptor, controlled condition, input, control center, output, and effector

A

Stimulus - contractions
Receptor - stretch-sensitive neurons in the cervix
Controlled condition - stretching of the cervix
Input - nerve impulses
Control center - brain
Output - oxytocin
Effector - muscles in the uterus

55
Q

What is a disorder?

A

This is any abnormality of structure/function

56
Q

Give at least 2 examples of symptoms of disease

A

Headache, anxiety, nausea

57
Q

Give at least 2 examples of signs of disease

A

Bleeding, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash, paralysis

58
Q

Define disease

A

Specific term for an illness that is characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs.

59
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

This is the identification of a disease/disorder based on scientific evaluation of a patient’s symptoms and signs, medical history, physical examination, and potential laboratory results

60
Q

What is palpation during a physical examination?

A

The feeling of body surfaces with the hands

61
Q

What is auscultation during a physical examination?

A

Listening to body sounds, often through a stethoscope

62
Q

What is percussion during a physical examination?

A

This is tapping on body surfaces and listening to the resulting echo

63
Q

Name the vital signs measured during a physical examination

A

Temperature
Pulse
Respiratory rate
Blood pressure

64
Q

Give examples of aging in which there is an increase

A

Increase incidence of heart disease
Increased susceptibility to infections and cancer
Enlarged prostate

65
Q

What is the supine position

A

When the body is in a reclining position, facing up

66
Q

What is the anatomical position

A

This is when the subject is upright, facing the observer, with the head level, eyes facing forward, lower limbs parallel, feet flat on the floor directed forward, and the palms are turned forward.

67
Q

What is the anatomical term for hip?

A

Coxal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

68
Q

What is the anatomical term for chin

A

Mental is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

69
Q

What is the anatomical term for groin

A

Inguinal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

70
Q

What is the anatomical term for thumb

A

Pollex is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

71
Q

What is the anatomical term for hand?

A

Manual is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

72
Q

What is the anatomical term for neck?

A

Cervical is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

73
Q

What is the anatomical term for armpit?

A

Axillary is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

74
Q

What is the anatomical term for arm?

A

Brachial is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

75
Q

What is the anatomical term for the front of the elbow?

A

Antecubital is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

76
Q

What is the anatomical term for forearm?

A

Antebrachial is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

77
Q

What is the anatomical term for palm?

A

Palmar or volar is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

78
Q

What is the anatomical term for fingers?

A

Digital or phalangeal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

79
Q

What is the anatomical term for the anterior surface of the knee?

A

Patellar is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

80
Q

What is the anatomical term for the leg?

A

Crural is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

81
Q

What is the anatomical term for ankle?

A

Tarsal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

82
Q

What is the anatomical term for the top of the foot?

A

Dorsum is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

83
Q

What is the anatomical term for the big toe?

A

Hallux is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

83
Q

What is the anatomical term for the toes?

A

Digital or phalangeal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

84
Q

What is the anatomical term for shoulder blade?

A

Scapular is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

85
Q

What is the anatomical term for the back of the elbow?

A

Olecranal or cubital is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

86
Q

What is the anatomical term for between the hips?

A

Sacral is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

87
Q

What is the anatomical term for the loin?

A

Lumbar is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

88
Q

What is the anatomical term for the back of the hand?

A

Dorsum is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

89
Q

What is the anatomical term for the region of the anus and external genitals?

A

Perineal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

90
Q

What is the anatomical term for the hollow behind the knee

A

Popliteal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

91
Q

What is the anatomical term for the calf?

A

Sural is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

92
Q

What is the anatomical term for the sole of the foot?

A

Plantar is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

93
Q

What is the anatomical name for the heel?

A

Calcaneal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure

94
Q

Define superior

A

Toward the head or upper part of a structure
AKA cephalic/cranial

95
Q

Define inferior

A

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
AKA caudal

96
Q

Define anterior

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body
AKA ventral

97
Q

Define posterior

A

Nearer to or at the back of the body
AKA dorsal

98
Q

Define medial

A

Nearer to the midline

99
Q

Define lateral

A

Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane

100
Q

Define intermediate

A

Between two structures

101
Q

Define ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure

102
Q

Define contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

103
Q

Define Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk - nearer to the point of origin or the beginning

104
Q

Define distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk - farther from the point of origin or the beginning

105
Q

Define Superficial/external

A

Toward or on the surface of the body

106
Q

Define deep/internal

A

Away from the surface of the body

107
Q

What are the four major planes?

A

Sagittal
Coronal/frontal
Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal
Oblique

108
Q

Name the principal body cavities

A

Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity

109
Q

What is the cranial cavity formed from, and what does it contain?

A

Composed of cranial bones, and contains brain

110
Q

What is the vertebral canal formed from, and what does it contain?

A

Composed of vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves

111
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

It contains the pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum

112
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

This surrounds each lung. The serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura

113
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

This surrounds the heart. The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium

114
Q

Where is the mediastinum located?

A

This is the central portion of the thoracic cavity (located between the lungs) and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, and from the first rib to the diaphragm.

115
Q

What is contained in the mediastinum?

A

The heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels are all contained in this cavity

116
Q

What is in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The abdominal and pelvic cavities

117
Q

What is contained within the abdominal cavity?

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine

118
Q

What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?

A

This is the peritoneum

119
Q

What is contained within the pelvic cavity?

A

The urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction are contained here.

120
Q

What are viscera?

A

These are the organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

121
Q

What are the components to a serous membrane?

A

The parietal layer which lines the walls of cavities
The visceral layer which lines the viscera
Serous fluid that may exist in potential space between the two layers.

122
Q

What is the nine region subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity usually used for?

A

This is mostly used for anatomical studies

123
Q

What is the quadrant subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity usually used for?

A

This is mostly used by clinicians to describe sites of abdominopelvic pain, mass, or other abnormalities

124
Q

From anatomical top right to bottom left, name the 9 abdominopelvic regions

A

Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right inguinal region
Hypogastric region
Left inguinal region

125
Q

What is the intersection point of the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The navel

126
Q

What separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The diaphragm

ANPH100 (7 decks)

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