Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue Level
- Organ level
- System level
- Organismal level
Define the chemical level of organization
Smallest unit of matter participating in chemical reactions. Includes atoms and molecules.
Define the cellular level of organization
This is the level that forms the basic structural and functional units of an organism.
In the analogy of a book being an organism, what would the cellular level be to a book?
This would be equivalent to the words in the book
Name three types of cells in the body
Muscle
Nerve
Blood
In the analogy of an organism being a book, what is the tissue level?
This would be equivalent to the sentences in a book.
Define the tissue level of organization
This level is made up of groups of cells and the materials surrounding them to perform a particular function
What are the four basic types of tissue in the body?
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Define the organ level of organization
This level is made up of different kinds of tissues to form body structures that have a recognizable shape and specific functions.
In the analogy of an organism being a book, what is the organ level?
This would be equivalent to the paragraphs of a book
Define the system level of organization.
This level of organization is comprised of related organs that have a common function.
In the analogy of an organism being a book, what is the system level?
This would be equivalent to the chapters of a book
Define the organismal level
This is the largest level of organization. All systems of the body combine to make an organism
What are the components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Regulate body temperature
Protects body
Eliminates some wastes
Helps make vitamin D
Detects sensations like touch, pressure, pain, temperature
Stores fat and provides insulation
What are the components of the Skeletal System?
Bones
Joints
Cartilage
What are the functions of the Skeletal System?
Supports and protects the body
Provides specific area for muscle attachment
Assists with body movement
Stores cells that make blood cells
Stores minerals and lipids
What are the components of the muscular system?
Skeletal muscle tissue
What are the functions of the muscular system?
Body movements like walking
Maintains posture
Produces heat
What are the components of the nervous system?
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Special sense organs like the eyes and ears
What are the functions of the nervous system?
Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in environment,
interpreting changes, and responding to the changes by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
What are the components of the Endocrine System?
Glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions, called hormones
What are the functions of the Endocrine System?
Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
Blood
Heart
Blood vessels
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
Heart - pumps blood through blood vessels
Blood - carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells, carries carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells, and regulates acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids
Blood components - defends against disease and mend damaged blood vessels
What are the components of the Digestive System?
Mouth
Pharynx/throat
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large intestines
Rectum
Anus
Accessory digestive processes - salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are the functions of the digestive system?
Physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
What are the components of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
What are the functions of the urinary system?
Produces, stores, and eliminates urine;
Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
Helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids
Maintains body’s mineral balance
Helps regulate red blood cell production
What are the components of the Reproductive System in males?
Testes
Epididymis
Ductus/vas deferens
Penis
What are the components of the Reproductive System in females
Ovaries
Uterine/fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands
Name the 11 types of body systems
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic/Immune
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Define metabolism
Sum of all chemical processes in the body
Define responsiveness
The body’s ability to detect and react to changes in the environment
Define movement
Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny organelles within the cells
Define growth
Increase in body size due to any of the following:
Increase in the size of existing cells
Increase in the number of cells
Increase in the material surrounding the cell
Define differentiation
Process in which unspecialized cells become specialized - become specific in their structure and function, different from their unspecialized form.
Reproduction
This refers to either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement;
or the production of a new individual
Define homeostasis
This is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions within the body
Why is homeostasis important?
This ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body
What are the differences between negative and positive feedback systems?
A negative feedback system will reverse the direction of a controlled condition, whereas a positive feedback system will strengthen the direction of a controlled condition.
What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease?
A symptom is a subject change in body function that is not apparent to an observer, whereas signs are objective changes that are observable and measurable by a clinician
What is extracellular fluid?
This is the fluid surrounding body cells.
What is a negative consequence of low blood glucose?
Unconsciousness and possibly death
What is a negative consequence of high blood glucose
Damage to blood vessels and excessive loss of water in urine
Within the context of a feedback system, define the controlled condition
This is the variable that is monitored within the feedback system. It can be heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, glucose level, etc.
Within the context of a feedback system, define a stimulus
This is any disruption that causes a change in the controlled condition
What are the three basic components making up a feedback system?
Receptor
Control center
Effector
In the context of a feedback system, what is a receptor?
This is a structure in the body that receives a stimulus and sends information, or inputs, to the control center.
In the context of a feedback system, what is a control center?
This sets a range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained. It evaluates inputs received from receptors and generates output commands to the effectors as appropriate
In the context of a feedback system, what is an effector?
This is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or an effect that will change the controlled condition.
What kinds of conditions are negative feedback systems often used to regulate?
These are used to regulate conditions that are held stable over long periods, such as blood pressure, glucose level, and body temperature.
Which feedback system requires a mechanism to interrupt it to end?
Positive feedback systems
In the positive feedback of childbirth, describe the stimulus, receptor, controlled condition, input, control center, output, and effector
Stimulus - contractions
Receptor - stretch-sensitive neurons in the cervix
Controlled condition - stretching of the cervix
Input - nerve impulses
Control center - brain
Output - oxytocin
Effector - muscles in the uterus
What is a disorder?
This is any abnormality of structure/function
Give at least 2 examples of symptoms of disease
Headache, anxiety, nausea
Give at least 2 examples of signs of disease
Bleeding, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash, paralysis
Define disease
Specific term for an illness that is characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs.
What is a diagnosis?
This is the identification of a disease/disorder based on scientific evaluation of a patient’s symptoms and signs, medical history, physical examination, and potential laboratory results
What is palpation during a physical examination?
The feeling of body surfaces with the hands
What is auscultation during a physical examination?
Listening to body sounds, often through a stethoscope
What is percussion during a physical examination?
This is tapping on body surfaces and listening to the resulting echo
Name the vital signs measured during a physical examination
Temperature
Pulse
Respiratory rate
Blood pressure
Give examples of aging in which there is an increase
Increase incidence of heart disease
Increased susceptibility to infections and cancer
Enlarged prostate
What is the supine position
When the body is in a reclining position, facing up
What is the anatomical position
This is when the subject is upright, facing the observer, with the head level, eyes facing forward, lower limbs parallel, feet flat on the floor directed forward, and the palms are turned forward.
What is the anatomical term for hip?
Coxal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for chin
Mental is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for groin
Inguinal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for thumb
Pollex is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for hand?
Manual is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for neck?
Cervical is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for armpit?
Axillary is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for arm?
Brachial is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the front of the elbow?
Antecubital is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for forearm?
Antebrachial is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for palm?
Palmar or volar is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for fingers?
Digital or phalangeal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the anterior surface of the knee?
Patellar is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the leg?
Crural is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for ankle?
Tarsal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the top of the foot?
Dorsum is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the big toe?
Hallux is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the toes?
Digital or phalangeal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for shoulder blade?
Scapular is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the back of the elbow?
Olecranal or cubital is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for between the hips?
Sacral is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the loin?
Lumbar is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the back of the hand?
Dorsum is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the region of the anus and external genitals?
Perineal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the hollow behind the knee
Popliteal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the calf?
Sural is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical term for the sole of the foot?
Plantar is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
What is the anatomical name for the heel?
Calcaneal is the anatomical term for this commonly named structure
Define superior
Toward the head or upper part of a structure
AKA cephalic/cranial
Define inferior
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
AKA caudal
Define anterior
Nearer to or at the front of the body
AKA ventral
Define posterior
Nearer to or at the back of the body
AKA dorsal
Define medial
Nearer to the midline
Define lateral
Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane
Define intermediate
Between two structures
Define ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure
Define contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Define Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk - nearer to the point of origin or the beginning
Define distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk - farther from the point of origin or the beginning
Define Superficial/external
Toward or on the surface of the body
Define deep/internal
Away from the surface of the body
What are the four major planes?
Sagittal
Coronal/frontal
Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal
Oblique
Name the principal body cavities
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
What is the cranial cavity formed from, and what does it contain?
Composed of cranial bones, and contains brain
What is the vertebral canal formed from, and what does it contain?
Composed of vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
It contains the pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and the mediastinum
What is the pleural cavity?
This surrounds each lung. The serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura
What is the pericardial cavity?
This surrounds the heart. The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium
Where is the mediastinum located?
This is the central portion of the thoracic cavity (located between the lungs) and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, and from the first rib to the diaphragm.
What is contained in the mediastinum?
The heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels are all contained in this cavity
What is in the abdominopelvic cavity?
The abdominal and pelvic cavities
What is contained within the abdominal cavity?
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine
What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?
This is the peritoneum
What is contained within the pelvic cavity?
The urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction are contained here.
What are viscera?
These are the organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
What are the components to a serous membrane?
The parietal layer which lines the walls of cavities
The visceral layer which lines the viscera
Serous fluid that may exist in potential space between the two layers.
What is the nine region subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity usually used for?
This is mostly used for anatomical studies
What is the quadrant subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity usually used for?
This is mostly used by clinicians to describe sites of abdominopelvic pain, mass, or other abnormalities
From anatomical top right to bottom left, name the 9 abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right inguinal region
Hypogastric region
Left inguinal region
What is the intersection point of the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity?
The navel
What separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity?
The diaphragm
