Chapter 1: Organization of the Body Flashcards
________________ is the study of the structure of the body parts
Anatomy
____________________ is the study of the function of body parts.
Physiology
What are the nine levels of organization in the human body?
- atoms
- molecules
- macromolecules
- organelles
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ systems
- organism
Various terms are used to describe the location of body organs when the body is in the anatomical position. What is the anatomical position?
Standing erect with, face forward, arms at the sides, and palms and toes directed forward.
Anterior / Posterior
Anterior meaning the front of the body
Posterior meaning back of the body
Superior / Inferior
Superior meaning towards the head
Inferior meaning away from the head
Medial / Lateral
Medial meaning towards the middle of the body
Lateral meaning towards the outside or far from the middle of the body.
Proximal / Distal
Proximal meaning closer to the midline
Distal meaning Further from the middle
Superficial / Deep
Superficial meaning closer to the outside
Deep closer to the interior
Central / Peripheral
Central meaning the center of the organ or organism
Peripheral meaning at the edge of the organ or organisim
Contralateral / Ipsilateral
Contralateral meaning structures located on opposite sides of the body
Ipsilateral meaning structures located on the same side of the body.
The body can be divided into ______________ and ___________________ portions, each of which can be further subdivided into specific regions
The axial and appendicular regions
The body or its parts can be sectioned along certain planes. A ________________ or ______________ (vertical) cut divides the body into equal right and left portions
Median or Midsagittal
A ________________________ or ________________ section is a saggittal section parallel to the midline.
Parasagittal or paramedian
A frontal (_______________) cut divides the body into anterior an posterior parts
Coronal
A ______________(horizontal) cut is a cross section.
Transverse
The human body has two major cavities: The ___________________ and the ____________________.
The Posterior (dorsal) Body Cavity and Anterior (ventral) Body Cavity
Each of the two main body cavities the: the anterior and the posterior cavities is subdivided into smaller cavities, within which specific ___________________ are located.
Viscera
Specific _______________ _________________ line body cavities and adhere to the organs within these cavities
Serous Membranes
The human body has four ______________ _____________.
Organ Systems
The eleven organ systems in the human body are:
- Integumentary (skin)
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous / Sensory
- Endocrine
- Blood / Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
Support, movement and protection. The __________________ system, which includes the skin, protects the body
Integumentary
The __________________ system contains the bones
Skeletal
The _________________ system contains three types of muscles: smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
Muscular
The primary function of _____________system and _____________ system is support and movement.
Skeletal and Muscular
The __________________ contains the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. Because the _____________________ communicates with both the sense organs and the muscles, it allows us to respond to outside stimuli.
The Nervous System
The __________________ consist of the hormonal glands.
The Endocrine System
The ________________________ and the _________________ coordinate and regulate the activities of the body’s other systems.
The Nervous and Endocrine Systems
What five systems help to maintain the body
- Cardiovascular System
- Lymphatic System
- Respiratory System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
What organs are included in the Cardiovascular System?
The heart and vessels
What organs are included in the Lymphatic System?
Lymphatic Vessels, nodes, spleen and thymus
What organs are included in the Respiratory System?
Lungs and conducting tubes
What organs are included in the Digestive System?
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines and associated Organs
What organs are included in the Urinary System?
The Kidneys and Bladder
What are the reproductive organs in the male species.
Testes, other glands and ducts, and penis
What are the reproductive organs in the female speceies
Ovaries, uterine tubes, vagina and external genitalia.
____________________ is the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment, which is composed of blood and tissue fluid that bathes the cells.
Homeostasis
_____________________mechanisms help maintain homeostasis. _____________________ occurs in processes with a definite cutoff point.
negative feedback
Positive feedback
All of the body’s organs systems contribute to _________________. Some, including the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems, remove and or add substances to the blood.
Homeostasis
The Nervous and endocrine systems regulate the activities of other systems. __________________ is a self-regulatory mechanism by which systems and conditions of the body are controlled.
Negative feedback.
The chin is __________________ to the navel
The chin is SUPERIOR to the navel.
Suppose a CT scan creates images showing transverse sections of the head in a migraine headache patient. Are these horizontal or vertical images?
The images of a transverse image is horizontal.
ophthalmic
eye
nasal
nose
oral
mouth
cervical
neck
acromial deltoid
shoulder
axilary
armpit
brachial
arm
antecubital
front of the elbow
antebrachial
forearm
carpal
wrist
digital
finger
coxal
hip
femoral
thigh
patellar
kneecap
crural
leg
pes, pedal
foot
cephalic
head
frontal
forehead
orbital
eye cavity
buccal
cheek
mental
chin
sternal
sternum
pectoral
chest
mammary
breast
abdominal
abdomen
umbilical
navel
pelvic
pelvic
inguinal
groin
public
genital
tarsal
ankel
dorsum of the
foot
digital
toe
cranial
surrounding the brain
auricular, otic
ear
thoracic
back of the sternal, pectoral, mammary
vertebral
spinal column
cubital, olecranal
elbow
sacral
sacral (triangle at base of spinal colomn
gluteal
buttock
dorsum of the hand
hand
sural
calf
calcaneal
heel
occipital
back of head
deltoid
shoulder
lumbar
lower back
manus
hand
perineal
rectum / anus
popleteal
back of the knee
planter
sole of the foot
abdominal cavity
portion of the body between the diaphragm and the pelvis
pertaining to the abdominal and pelvic
abdominopelvic cavity
standard body positon in which the person is erect, with body , head arms palms and feet facing forward
anatomical position
pertaining to the front, the opposite of posterior
anterior
pertaining to the upper limbs (arm) and lower limbs (leg)
appendicular portion
pertaining to the bodies axis
axial portion
smallest unit of matter
atoms
structural and functional unit of an organism, smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life.
cells
situated at the center of the body of an organ
central
structures located on opposite sides of the body
contralateral
hollow space in the cranium containing the brain
cranial cavity
located away from the surface of the body or organ
deep
sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
diaphragm
away from the midline or origin of the body opposite of proximal
distal
external layer of the pericardium , consisting of fibrous tissue
fibrous pericardium
the plane or sections that divides a structure lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions; pertain to the region of the forehead
frontal plane
constancy of conditions, particularly the environment of the blood cells; constant temperature, blood pressure, pH, and other body conditions
homeostasis
situated below something else; pertaining to the lower surface of a part
inferior
structures located on the same side of the body ie right hand / right foot
ipsilateral
pertaining to the side
lateral
a large molecule composed of smaller molecules ie amino acides(molecule) combining to form proteins(macromolecules)
macromolecules
near or towards the midline
Medial
tissue mass located between the lungs
mediastinum
protective membranous covering around the brain and spinal cord
meninges
smallest quantity of substance that retains its chemical properties: ie:
molecules
Mechanism that is activated by a surplus imbalance and acts to correct it by stopping the process that brought about the surplus
negative feedback
structure consisting of a group of tissues that perform a specialized function; a component of an organ system
organ
Part of a cell that performs a specialized funtion
organelles
an individual living thing
organism
a group of related organs working together
organ system
outer layer of the two layers of the serous pericardium, lining the fibrous pericardium
parietal pericarium
lines the abdominal and pelvic walls and the inferior surface of the thoracic diaphragm
parietal peritoneum
membrane that lines the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleurae
serous membrane that covers the inner body wall.
parietal serous membrane
hollow place within the ring formed by the sacrum and the coxal bones
pelvic cavity
cavity around the heart created by pericardial sac
pericardial cavity
situated away from the center of the body or organ
peripheral
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and encloses the abdominal viscera
peritoneum
Serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the walls of the chest and the diaphragm
pleurae
process by which changes cause more changes of a similar type, producing unstable conditions.
positive feedback
toowards the back of the body opposite of the anterior
posterior
closer to the midline or origin, opposite of distal
proximal
plane or section that divides a structure into right and left portions
sagittal plane
sac that holds the testes
scrotum
fluid that helps to keep things from rubbing together
found in the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
serous fluid
the membrane that covers internal organs and lines cavities lacking an opening to the outside of the body; also call serosa
serous membrane
light -yellow liquid left after clotting of the blood
serum
Near the surface
superficial
toward the upper part of a structure or toward the head.
superior
hollow space within the chest
thoracic cavity
group of similar cells that performs a specialized function
tissue
