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bio j1 > chapter 1: organelle and cellular structure > Flashcards

chapter 1: organelle and cellular structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory?

A
  1. Living organisms are composed of cells
  2. All cells come from preexisitng cells
  3. Cells are the smallest unit of life
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2
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence

A
  1. Double membrane bound
  2. Divides by binary fission like bacteria
  3. 70s ribosome like prokaryotes
  4. Circular DNA lies freely in the interior of the organelles
  5. Internal organisation of gene’s is simikar to prokaryotes different from eukaryotes
  6. Build their own membrane system
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3
Q

Calculating Magnification

A

× measured size/actual size

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4
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Features

A
  1. Continuous membrane of sheets of membrane
  2. Outer surface studded with ribosome
  3. Single membrane bound
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5
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A
  1. Site for protein synthesis
  2. Facilitates folding of polypeptide chain into protein
  3. Packages protein into transport vesicles whihc bud off of RER
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6
Q

Smooth Endoplazmic Reticulum Features

A
  1. Consists of network of membranous tubules
  2. Lack of ribosome on outer surface of membrane
  3. Single membrane bound
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7
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A
  1. Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, steroids
  2. Detoxify drugs and poisons
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8
Q

Golgi Body Feature

A
  1. Stack of flattened membrane stacks
  2. Distinct structural polarity (cis face, trans face)
  3. Single membrane bound
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9
Q

Golgi Body Function

A
  1. Further modification of products of ER, packages and sorts it into vesicles and transports them to other parts of the cell or release out of the cell
  2. Synthesis of secretory polysaccharides
  3. Synthesis of lysosomes
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10
Q

Mitochondria Features

A
  1. Double membrane bound
  2. Inner membrane is highly convoluted with numerous infoldings
  3. Interior is an organic semifluid matrix
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11
Q

Mitochondria Function

A
  1. Main site for ATP production during aerobic respiration
  2. Increases S.A. to accomodate more proteins and enzymes responsibke for ATP synthesis
  3. Contains respiratory enzymes
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12
Q

Ribosomes Features

A
  1. Complexes of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins
  2. 80s Ribosome (Eukaryotes)
  3. 70s Ribosome (Prokaryotes)
  4. Free ribosome found in the cytoplasm and ribosome bounded on outer surface of the RER membrane
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13
Q

Ribosomes Functions

A
  1. Site of polypeptide synthesis
  2. Free ribosomes: produce proteins used inside the cell itself
  3. Bound ribosomes: produce proteins to be exported out of the cell to be used elsewhere
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14
Q

Lysosomes Features

A
  1. Spherical sac bound by a single membrane
  2. Contains hydrolytic enzyme
  3. Acidic internal pH
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15
Q

Lysosomes Functions

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Autolysis
  3. Autophagy
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16
Q

Choroplast Feature

A
  1. Double membrane bound (choroplast envelope)
  2. Internal membrane system consists of flattened, interconnected disc-like sacs called thylakoids
    - One stack of thylakoid –> granum
    - Stacks of thylakoid –> grana
  3. Grana connected by intergranal lamellae
  4. Stroma contains enzyme, circular DNA, 70s ribosomes, starch grains, sugars and lipid droplets
17
Q

Choroplast Function

A
  1. Site for photosynthesis
  2. Site of light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoid membranes are embedded with photosynthetic pigments and enzyme systems involved in photosynthesis (correpsonding to 2.)
  3. Site for light independent reactions of photosynthesis. Contian enzymes for light-independent reactions (corresponding to 4.)
18
Q

Cell Surface Membrane Features

A
  1. It’s a single membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer
  2. Proteins are interspersed and randomly embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
19
Q

Cell Surface Membrane Functions

A
  1. Regulates movement of substances entering and exiting the cell
  2. As phospholipid bilayer has a hydrophobic core, it is a selective barrier that only allows small, non-polar, uncharged particles to pass through. Thus, transport proteins provide a hydrophilic channel across the cell surface membrane or bind to specific substances and transport them across the membrane by changing conformation (latter requires ATP)
  3. Other functions: Cell-cell recognition and adhesion, cell communication/signal transduction, compartmentalisation within cell etc.
20
Q

Centrioles Features

A
  1. A pair of rod-like structures positioned at right angles to each other
  2. Made up of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring
21
Q

Centrioles Function

A
  1. Acts as microtubule organising centres in animal cells.
  2. Facilitates nuclear division
22
Q

Nuclear envelope Feature

A
  1. Double membrane seperated by perinuclear space
  2. Outer membrane continuous with ER
  3. Perforated by nuclear pores
23
Q

Nuclear Envelope Function

A
  1. Regulates exchange of substances between cytoplasm and nucleus
24
Q

Nucleus Features

A
  1. Double membrane bound (nuclear envelope)
  2. Contains chromatin:
    (i) Hetrochromatin
    (ii) Euchromatin
25
Q

Nucleus Function

A
  1. Stores and protects hereditary material from metabolically active cytoplasm
  2. Control gene expression:
    (i) tightly packed chromatin that contains repetitive non-coding DNA e.g. Telomeres and Centromeres
    (ii) Loosely packed chromatin that is actively transcribed (Site for transcription)
26
Q

Nucleolus Features

A
  1. Contain genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  2. Dense, spherical structure
27
Q

Nucleolus Function

A
  1. Site of rRNA synthesis
  2. Site of assembly of proteins and rRNA to form ribosomal subunits
28
Q

Describe the secretory pathway

A
  1. Gene is first transcribed into mRNA within the nucleus
  2. mRNA molecule is then transported out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes on the outer surface of RER
  3. Ribosome translates the mRNA into a polypeptide chain, the growing polypeptide chain enters the cisternal lumen of RER via pore on the ER membrane, undergoing furhter folding into protein
  4. Protein is packaged into a transport vesicle which buds off RER and is directed by microtubules to the Golgi apparatus
  5. Transport vesicle fuses with cis face of GA, protein undergoes futher modifications, including glycosylation, phosphorylation, and sulfation
  6. Protein moves from cis fac to trans face of GA, where it is packaged into secretory vesicle and buds off the GA
  7. Secretory vesicle travel towards the cell surface membrane, where it fuses with the CSM and secretes the protein out of the cell via exocytosis
29
Q

Comparing Eukryote and Prokaryote

A
  1. Mode of cell division
    Pro - Binary fission, Eu - Mitosis and Meiosis
  2. Membrane-bound organelles
    Pro - Absent, Eu - Present
  3. Ribosomes
    Pro - Smaller, 70s, Eu - Larger, 80s
  4. Genetic material
    Pro - Circular DNA that lies freely in interior, Eu - Linear DNA that lies in nucleus
  5. Cell wall
    Pro - Peptidoglycan/Murein, Eu - Cellular
  6. Cell size
    Pro - Smaller, Eu - Larger
  7. Respiration
    Pro - Meesome present, Eu - Mitochondria
  8. Organelles
    Pro - Few, Eu - Many

bio j1 (3 decks)

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