chapter 1 of cole txtbook applied theories Flashcards
trends from Slagle lectures & AOTAs documents (6)
-complexity, holism, and transactionalism
-social connections and contexts
-therapeutic relationship
-establishing professional continuity
-Building and reevaluating evidence
-Promoting occupational therapy
OT’s Professional Paradigm Holistic (3)
-Client-centered
-Evidence-based
-Systems-oriented
Slagle Lectures
lectures from leading scholars, providing up-to-date insights, guiding us toward higher professional goals. They present a vision for the future of occupational therapy practice.
Founders of OT
George Barton,
William Rush Dunton,
Thomas Kidner,
Eleanor Clarke Slagle,
Susan Tracy,
Susan Johnson,
Herbert J. Hall
George Barton
-believed occupations as “cure”, healing strategy (based on his experience with Tuberculosis)
-Coined the term Occupational Therapy.
-Founder of consolation house (hospital for long-term illness, occupations- gardening, handcrafts as therapy.
served as first president, dunton put him in the role
William Rush Dunton
on test*
-Founder of AOTA)
-Took over AOTA president for Barton.
-medical doc specializing in psychiatry, linked OT to medicine.
-His publications helped spread awareness of OT in the medical community.
Thomas Kidner
-AOTA president after Dunton? (check) (1923-1928)
-as an architect, aligned OT with medicine by designing rehab facilities and workshops.
Eleanor Clarke Slagle
on test*
-Developed “Habit training” in OT working with adolph Meyer.
-served as AOTA president 1919-1920 to advocate profession
-Elanor Slagle Lectures is the AOTA’s highest honor, 1955.
-contributed “arts and crafts movement”
Susan Tracy-
Nurse from Massachusetts, organized first OT class for nurses in Boston (ny and chicago).
-She created an OT program at Adams Asylum, treating patients with neurasthenia,)*anxiety
-Was part of arts and crafts movement.
Susan Johnson
-Nurse+educator who taught OT at columbia university
-looked for treatment for physical and chronic treatments
Herbert Hall
*on test
-introduced artistic crafts as “work cure” for patients with chronic medical and psychiatric disorders)
-harvard trained medical doc, “near founder” of OT
-AOTA president (1920-1923) after Eleanor Slagle.
The 1920s: Habit Training/Approach (1912)?
-Eleanor Slagle, developed the habit training approach, (with Adolph Meyer) offered full schedule of ordinary daily activities, crafts, work tasks, and group recreations, to promote both mental& physical health for patients with mental illness.
-Meyer&Slagle viewed habit training as a holistic approach.
-Hall contributed with his view of crafts as a means of restoring “authentic living” to persons with disabilities(1916).
Arts and Crafts Movement:
A reaction to the Industrial Revolution, this movement aimed to recognize skilled craftsmanship being replaced by machines. It provided training in crafts like woodworking, and printing. Influential figures like George Barton, Susan Tracy, and Eleanor Clarke Slagle helped integrate crafts into early occupational therapy practice.
Humanistic Philosophy & Moral Treatment
(19th century viewed all men seen as equal; moral obligation to help the helpless, mentally impaired, or disabled. Occupation was seen as a way to restore function and well-being. (Adolph Meyer emphasized a balance of rest and activity.)
Mental Hygiene
Idleness (laziness) linked to mental illness symptoms (e.g., hallucinations).
Slagle and others created daily activity schedules in supportive environments.
Focus on work, leisure(time off), and self-care (ADLs).
Pragmatism
(holistic approach, linking theory&practice together) education passed down. Knowledge comes from active, practical experience (Darwin, Hegel).
Functional & Vocational Re-education
-George Barton- created his own OT workshop “consolation house” healing power of arts and crafts template for institutions and rehabilitation centers going forward)
-Thomas Kidner designed hospitals and asylums for functional reeducation, helped with vocational retraining for WWI soldiers, recognized the impact of work and leisure on performance.
Medicine and Medical Ethics
Barton and Dunton linked OT with medicine, seeing its potential as a cure. proved OT as a healing strategy
Pressure from the medical community for scientific evidence led to a mid-century shift toward reductionism.
Major Paradigm Shifts and Crises of 20th century-
paradigm shift- realizse old way/rules of thinking doesn’t work anymore, so they adopt a new one
- 1900-1940s- Paradigm of Occupation
- Late 1940s-1950s CRISIS: Pressure to provide scientific evidence for practice
- 1950s-1970s Mechanistic Paradigm (sees human body like a machine)
- 1970s CRISIS: Specialization creates need for broader definition of OT Domain
- 1980s-onward New Emerging Paradigm
1920s, Habit Training and reconstruction
-Habit training approach – Slagle and Meyer (crafts to improve mental+physical)
* Reconstruction Movement (helped injured soldiers and factory workers recover by retraining them for work)
* Biomechanical Approach (slagle) (approach to treat physical disabilities by analyzing movements and endurance)
The 1930s: Biomechanical and Behavior Modification Frames of Reference
(weights attached to provide muscle)
* Great Depression- Diseases on the Rise (hospitals) TB & Polio
* Behaviorists: Watson, Skinner, Pavlov (studied how people learn, using rewards and punishments to shape behavior.)
* Psychoanalytic theorists: Freud, Jung, Erikson (past experiences, childhood, shape personality and mental health. (theory more common later on)
The 1940s: Vocational Training,
Activity Analysis, and Rehabilitation
Models
- Great Depression (helped long-term injured soldiers + vocational rehab)
- Behaviorists: Watson, Skinner, Pavlov (behavior change through reinforcement; influenced OT approaches in mental health & rehab.)
- Psychoanalytic: Freud, Jung, Erikson (OT used crafts & activities to reveal hidden emotions, explore clients’ past experiences and emotions to aid in therapy.)
WWII & Voc Rehab – GI Bill & New Deal funded OT for injured soldiers & civilians.
Kinetic Model (1947) – Licht’s biomechanical approach for OT rehab.
Rehab Model – Adapted tasks & tools for independence.
The 1950s: Psychoanalytic Frames and Sensory Motor Frames Emerge
-
WFOT founded- (First international OT organization, standardized education & practice worldwide)
** Object relations theory-** (Psychoanalytic concept; early relationships shape personality. Used to explore unconscious conflicts through activities.)
Therapeutic Use of Self (Therapists use personality & communication to build relationships, emotional & social development)
* Margaret Rood – Sensorimotor therapy model (Movement & sensory input improve motor control; used for neurological rehab (e.g., stroke, cerebral palsy).
The 1960s: Social Reform
Medicare & Medicaid- (1965) – Expanded healthcare, funding OT services for broader populations.)
* Group Dynamics- OT incorporated group therapy to develop social skills & independence
*** Ayres **– Perceptual Motor Development- Developed Sensory Integration theory, enhancing perceptual-motor development.
* Fiorentino- Reflex Development Model- Studied Reflex Development, influencing motor control In OT.
* Bobath – developed Neurodevelopmental Theory (NDT) for movements
* Fidler – Task-oriented Approach- used activities to build cognitive & social skills.
* Mosey’s 3 Frames of Reference-
**1 **Psychoanalytic – Used unconscious thoughts in therapy.
2 Acquisitional – learning from environment for independence.
3 Developmental – progressive skill-building.
Llorens – Growth and Development Approach
