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MCAT - Organic Chemistry > Chapter 1 - Nomenclature > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Nomenclature Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 steps of IUPAC Nomenclature?

A
  1. Find the largest carbon chain in the compound with the highest-order functional group.
  2. Number the chain.
  3. Name the substituents.
  4. Assign a number to each substituent.
  5. Complete the name.
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2
Q

What kind of appearance do Butane and all hydrocarbons larger than Butane have? Give an example.

A

Branched appearances, which shortens the parent chain. Ex: Isobutane, properly named methylpropane.

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3
Q

In a molecule with two double bonds adjacent to each other and an alcohol, which functional group would take precedence in naming?

A

The alcohol would take precedence because the carbon to which it is attached has a higher oxidation state.

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4
Q

What are Heteroatoms?

A

Atoms besides carbon and hydrogen, like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens.

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5
Q

What influences the increase and decrease of Oxidation State?

A

Increases with more bonds to heteroatoms and decreases with more bonds to hydrogen.

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6
Q

What happens if there is a tie between assigning priority in a molecule with double and triple bonds?

A

The double bond takes precedence.

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7
Q

What are substituents?

A

Functional groups that arenotm part of the parent chain.

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8
Q

How are carbon chain substituents named?

A

Like Alkanes, with the suffix -yl replacing -ane.

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9
Q

What do we do if there are multiple substituents of the same type?

A

Use prefixes di-, tri, tetra, and so on.

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10
Q

What are Alkanes?

A

Simple hydrocarbons with the formula CnH (2n+2). Ex: Methane, Butane, etc.

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11
Q

What are common substituents of Alkanes?

A

Halogens; Alkyl halides are indicated by a prefix: flouro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-.

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12
Q

How are Alcohols named?

A

Named by replacing the -e at the end of the name of the corresponding alkane with the suffix -ol.

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13
Q

What are Diols?

A

Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups; indicated by suffix -diols. When naming, one must number each hydroxyl group.

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14
Q

What do we call Diols with hydroxyl groups on the same carbon?

A

Geminal Diols, also known as Hydrates

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15
Q

What is an Aldehyde?

A

Has a carbonyl group at the end of the chain. Its carbonyl carbon has at least one bond to a hydrogen atom.

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16
Q

What is a Ketone?

A

Has a carbonyl group somewhere in the middle of the carbon chain. Its carbonyl carbon is always bonded to two other carbons.

17
Q

How are Aldehydes named?

A

By replacing the -e of the parent alkane with the suffix -al. Carbonyl groups labelled oxo- substituents.

18
Q

How are Ketones named?

A

By replacing the -e in the name of the parent alkane with the suffix -one. Carbonyl groups labelled as oxo- substituents, too.

19
Q

What is the common name for Methanol?

A

Formaldehyde

20
Q

What is the common name for Ethanol?

A

Acetaldehyde

21
Q

What is the common name for Propanol?

A

Propionaldehyde

22
Q

What is the common name for Propanone?

A

Acetone

23
Q

For a molecule with a double bond, an aldehyde, and an alcohol, which functional group would determine the suffix when naming?

A

CoKetones and Aldehydes both take precedence over alcohols and hydrocarbon chains, and the functional group that is the highest priority determines the suffix. Because the aldehyde is suffix-determining and therefore on carbon number 1, the aldehyde would determine the suffix.

24
Q

What are Carboxylic Acids?

A

Contain both a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) on a terminal carbon. Associated carbon is usually numbered 1. Highest priority functional group in MCAT testing.

25
Q

How are Carboxylic Acids named?

A

By replacing the -e at the end of the parent alkane with the suffix -oic acid.

26
Q

What are the common names for Methanoic Acid, Ethanoic Acid and Propanoic Acid?

A

Formic Acid; Acetic Acid; Propionic Acid

27
Q

What are the three Carboxylic Acid derivatives?

A
  1. Esters
  2. Amides
  3. Anhydrides
28
Q

What are Esters?

A

Compounds where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkoxy group (-OR, where R is a hydrocarbon chain).

29
Q

What are Amides?

A

Compounds where the hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino acid group (nitrogen-containing group). The amino nitrogen can be bonded to zero, one, or two alkyl groups.

30
Q

What are Anhydrides?

A

When one water molecule s removed in the formation of an anhydride from two carboxylic acid molecules.

31
Q

What is the arrangement of Functional Groups in order of highest priority?

A
  1. Carboxylic Acid (Highest)
  2. Anhydride
  3. Ester
  4. Amide
  5. Aldehyde
  6. Ketone
  7. Alcohol
  8. Alkene or Alkyne
  9. Alkane

MCAT - Organic Chemistry (12 decks)

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