Chapter 1: Nomenclature

Question 1

heteroatoms

Answer 1

atoms besides carbon and hydrogen, like oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, or halogens

Question 2

does a double or triple bond take priority?

Answer 2

double

Question 3

substituents

Answer 3

functional groups that are not part of the parent chain

Question 4

n-

Answer 4

normal, straight chain alkane

Question 5

t/tert

Answer 5

tertiary

Question 6

di, tri, tetra, n, tert, etc are/aren’t used when alphabetizing

Answer 6

are not

Question 7

non hyphenated roots are/aren’t used when alphabetizing, includes modifiers like iso, neo, cyclo

Answer 7

are

Question 8

hydrocarbons

Answer 8

compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon

Question 9

alcohols contain at least one __ group

Answer 9

OH, lends them additional reactivity

Question 10

alkanes

Answer 10

simple hydrocarbons with the formula CnH(2n+2)

Question 11

name the first 4 hydrocarbons

Answer 11

methane, ethane, propane, butane

Question 12

name the hydrocarbons past butane to 12. Add -ane at end

Answer 12

pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec, undec, dodec

Question 13

name alkyl halides

Answer 13

fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo

Question 14

alcohol rules

Answer 14

replace -e with -ol, carbon attached to hydroxyl group gets lowest number. Hydroxyl group takes precedence over multiple bonds because of higher oxidation state of carbon. If not highest priority, named as hydroxyl-

Question 15

alcohols with two hydroxyl groups

Answer 15

called diols or glycols, indicated with suffix -diol

Question 16

diols with hydroxyl groups on the same carbon

Answer 16

geminal diols

Question 17

diols with hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons

Answer 17

vicinal diols

Question 18

geminal diols are also called

Answer 18

hydrates, not commonly seen because they spontaneously dehydrate to produce carbonyl compounds with the functional group C=O

Question 19

carbonyl

Answer 19

carbon double bonded to oxygen

Question 20

2 classes of molecules that include a carbonyl

Answer 20

aldehyde and ketones

Question 21

chain terminating

Answer 21

appear at the end of a parent chain

Question 22

difference between aldehydes and ketones

Answer 22

aldehydes are chain terminating, ketones are in the middle

Question 23

methanal aka

Answer 23

formaldehyde

Question 24

ethanal aka

Answer 24

acetaldehyde

Question 25

propanal aka

Answer 25

propionaldehyde

Question 26

aldehyde and ketone as a substituent (not highest priority)

Answer 26

oxo- for both, ketone keto-

Question 27

moving away from the carbonyl, successive carbons are referred to as

Answer 27

(adjacent-alpha), beta, gamma, delta, applies to both sides of the carbonyl, so carbons on both sides of ketone considered alpha

Question 28

carboxylic acids contain what groups

Answer 28

carbonyl and hydroxyl on a terminal carbon

Question 29

carboxylic acids, like aldehydes, are __ functional groups

Answer 29

terminal

Question 30

___ is the most oxidized functional group on the MCAT, with 3 bonds to oxygen, only carbon dioxide, with 4 bonds to oxygen, contains a more oxidized carbon. Highest priority functional group on MCAT

Answer 30

carboxylic acid

Question 31

naming for carboxylic acid

Answer 31

-oic acid

Question 32

methanoic acid aka

Answer 32

formic acid

Question 33

ethanoic acid aka

Answer 33

acetic acid

Question 34

propanoic acid aka

Answer 34

propionic acid

Question 35

name carboxylic acid derivatives

Answer 35

esters, amides, anhydrides

Question 36

naming for esters

Answer 36

hydroxyl replaced with alkoxy group (-OR). First term identifies alkyl group, second is name of parent acid, with -oate replacing -oic acid. Example, ethyl propionate

Question 37

naming amides

Answer 37

hydroxyl group replaces by amino group, suffix -amide, substituents attached to nitrogen labeled with capital N, indicating group is bonded to parent molecule via a nitrogen. Substituents included as prefixes in compound name and not numbered.

Question 38

amino meaning

Answer 38

nitrogen containing

Question 39

named with capital N

Answer 39

amides

Question 40

anhydride formation

Answer 40

from 2 carboxylic acid molecules, one water molecule removed

Question 41

anhydride naming

Answer 41

replacing acid with anhydride, if not symmetrical, both carboxylic acids are named without suffix acid, and anhydride added to name

Question 42

functional groups in order with highest priority first

Answer 42

carboxylic acid, anhydride, ester, amide, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, alkene/ alkyne (in cyclic compounds, alkenes priority), alkane