Chapter 1 - Nomenclature Flashcards
What is the first step to naming an organic molecule?
Identify the parent chain using length and functional groups.
What is the second step to naming an organic molecule?
Number the chain.
What is the third step to naming an organic molecule?
Name the substituents.
Carbon chain substituents suffix
replace -ane with -yl
What are the qualifiers for carbon chain substituents?
n- (normal), t-(t shaped), iso- (split chain, open mouth), sec- (results in a secondary alcohol).
What is the fourth step to naming an organic molecule?
Assign a number to each substituent.
What do you ignore when alphabetizing?
prefixes, n-, and tert-
What do you include when alphabetizing?
iso-, neo-, and cyclo-
What is the fifth step of naming an organic molecule?
Alphabetize what you have and put it together.
What are the fundamental characteristics of alkanes?
Simple hydrocarbon molecules with formula CnH(2n+2)
How do you name halogen substituents?
replace -ide with o-. ex. fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-
What are the fundamental characteristics of alkenes and alkynes?
Hydrocarbons with double and triple bond respectively. They are named -ene and -yne.
What are the fundamental characteristics of alcohols?
Carbon bound to an -OH group. Parent chains are named -ol, substituents are named hydroxy-
What are geminal diols (hydrates) and vicinal diols?
A geminal diol (hydrate) is two alcohols on the same carbon. A vicinal diol is two adjacent alcohols (vicinity).
What are the fundamental characteristics of aldehydes?
Carbonyl group on the end of a chain. These are named by replacing the -e of the alkane with -al. Substituents are named oxo-
What do you call the common name aldehydes?
Formaldehyde (methanal), acetaldehyde (ethanal), propionaldehyde (propanal).
What are the fundamental characteristics of ketones?
Carbonyl group anywhere but the end of a chain. Replace -ane with -one. Substituent keto groups are named oxo- or keto-.
What do you call the common name ketone?
Acetone (propanone) or alphabetical alkyl groups followed by ketone.
How does one use the greek naming conventions?
alpha indicates adjacent carbon. beta is the next carbon, followed by gamma, and finally delta.
What are the fundamental characteristics of Carboxylic Acids?
Both a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group on a terminal carbon. Replace -e in alkane with -oic acid.
What are the common names of carboxylic acids?
Formic acid (methanoic acid), acetic acid (ethaoic acid) and propionic acid (propanoic acid).
What are the Carboxylic acid derivatives?
Esters, Amids, and anhydrides.
What are the fundamental characteristics of Esters?
A carbonyl and a alkoxy (-OR) group. Name by describing the alkyl name of the esterifying group and then the parent acid with -oate instead of -oic acid.
What are the fundamental characteristics of Amides?
A carbonyl and an amino group. Named by describing alkyl name of amino group and parent acid replaced with -amide.
How do you name alkyl groups that are attached to a Nitrogen?
N-alkyl name.
