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Organic Chemistry MCAT > Chapter 1 - Nomenclature > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

What is the longest carbon chain containing the highest order functional group called?

A

The parent chain

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2
Q

When numbering carbons, carbon number 1 will be the one closest to what?

A

The highest priority functional group

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3
Q

Higher priority is correlated with what?

A

The more oxidized it is

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4
Q

Oxidation state increases with more what to heteroatoms? And decrease with more bonds to what?

A

Bonds,

Decrease with more bonds to hydrogen

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5
Q

If there is a tie between assigning priority in a molecule with double or triple bonds what takes precedence?

A

The double bond

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6
Q

What are functional groups that are not part of the parent chain called

A

Substituents

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7
Q

The prefix n- ; means what?

A

It is normal, in other words a straight chain alkane

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8
Q

Names of substituents always begin in what order?

A

Alphabetical order

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9
Q

Alcohols are groups that contain atleast one what?

A

-OH

(Which lends them more reactivity)

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10
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Simple hydrocarbon molecule with the formula CnH(2n+2)

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11
Q

What group are common substituents in alkanes?

A

Halogens; alkyl halides are indicated by a prefix: fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-

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12
Q

What does an alkene and an alkyne indicate?

A

Signify a double and triple bond respectively to these hydrocarbons

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13
Q

Alkane name with 1 carbon

A

Methane

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14
Q

Name of Alkane with 2 carbons

A

Ethane

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15
Q

Name of alkane with 3 carbons

A

Propane

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16
Q

Name of alkane with 4 carbons

A

Butane

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17
Q

Name of alkane with 5 carbons

A

Pentane

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18
Q

Name of Alkane with 6 carbons

A

Hexane

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19
Q

Name of alkane with 7 carbons

A

Heptane

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20
Q

Name of alkane with 8 carbons

A

Octane

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21
Q

Name of alkane with 9 carbons

A

Nonane

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22
Q

Name of alkane with 10 carbons

A

Decane

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23
Q

Alcohols are named by replacing the r at the end of the corresponding alkane with what suffix? What is it called if the alcohol is not the highest priority functional group?

A

-ol

If not highest functional group, then it is named as a hydroxyl substituent (hydroxy-)

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24
Q

Ethanol common name

A

Ethyl alcohol

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25
Q

Alcohols with 2 hydroxyl groups are called what? What is their suffix?

A

Called diols or glycols, suffix is -diol

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26
Q

Diols with hydroxyl groups on the same carbon are called what? What if they are on adjacent carbons?

A

If on same carbon they are called Geminal diols

If in adjacent they are called vicinal diols

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27
Q

Why are geminal diols, or hydrates not commonly seen?

A

Because they spontaneously dehydrate

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28
Q

Aldehydes and ketones are two classes of molecules that contain what group?

A

Carbonyl group (a carbon double bonded to an oxygen)

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29
Q

How do aldehydes and ketones differ?

A

In the placement of carbonyl groups

Aldehydes are chain terminating, meaning that they appear on one end of the parent chain

Ketones are found in the middle of carbon chain

30
Q

What is the smallest possible ketone molecule?

31
Q

Sugars are classified as what 2 classes?

A

Aldoses (aldehyde sugars)

Or

Ketoses (ketone sugars)

32
Q

How does the naming of carbons relative to the carbonyl group work? Start by closest and then moving outward

A

Adjacent carbon is indicated as alpha, then moving away it is beta, gamma, and delta in successive order (applies to both sides of the carbonyl group)

33
Q

What do carboxylic acids contain? What is important about these molecules?

A

They contain both a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) on a terminal carbon

Important is that they are HIGHLY oxidized, only CO2 contains a more oxidized carbon

34
Q

What are esters?

A

Common carboxylic acid derivatives, in these compounds the hydroxyl group is replaced with an alkoxy group (-OR, where R is a hydrocarbon chain)

35
Q

What are amides?

A

A carboxylic acid derivative where the hydroxyl group is replaced with an amino group (nitrogen-containing group)

36
Q

Substituents attached to the nitrogen atom of an amide is labeled with what?

A

N-

Indicating that this group is bonded to the parent molecule via a nitrogen atom

37
Q

What are anhydrides? How are they formed?

A

A carboxylic acid derivative, form from 2 carboxylic acid molecules, one water molecule is removed.

Many anhydrides are cyclic.

38
Q

Carboxylic acid prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: carboxy-

Suffix: -oic acid

39
Q

Anhydride prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: alkanoyloxycarbonyl-

Suffix: anyhydride

40
Q

Ester prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: alkoxycarbonyl-

Suffix: -oate

41
Q

Amide prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: carbamoyl- and amido-

Suffix: -amide

42
Q

Aldehyde prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: oxo-

Suffix: -al

43
Q

Ketone prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: oxo- or keto-

Suffix: -one

44
Q

Alcohol prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: hydroxy-

Suffix: -ol

45
Q

Alkene prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: alkenyl-

Suffix: -ene

46
Q

Alkyne prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: alkynyl-

Suffix: -yne

47
Q

Alkane prefix and suffix

A

Prefix: alkyl-

Suffix: -ane

48
Q

What are the steps for naming organic compounds?

A

1- identify the longest carbon chain containing the highest order functional group

2- number the chain

3- name the substituents

4- assign a number to each substituent

5- complete the name

49
Q

For substituents that are hydrocarbons but are not modifiers we replace the ending with a -yl

So what would methane and pentane be named if it was actually a substituent?

A

Methyl and pentyl

50
Q

Name of alkane with 11 carbons

51
Q

Name of alkane with 12 carbons

52
Q

Name of alkane with 13 carbons

53
Q

Name of alkane with 14 carbons

A

Tetradecane

54
Q

Name of alkane with 15 carbons

A

Pentadecane

55
Q

What would be the name of an organic molecule with a 5 carbon chain, and double bonds on carbon 2, and 4?

A

2, 4-Pentadiene

56
Q

What is the common name for methanal?

A

Formaldehyde

57
Q

What is the common name for ethanal?

A

Acetaldehyde

58
Q

What is the common name for propanal?

A

Propionaldehyde

59
Q

What is the name of an organic molecule that is 6 carbons long and has a Carbonyl group on the 3rd carbon?

A

3-Hexanone

60
Q

What is the name of carboxylic acid with 1 carbon? Common name and IUPAC name

A

Methanoic acid

Common name - Formic acid

61
Q

What is the name of carboxylic acid with 2 carbon? Common name and IUPAC name

A

Ethanoic acid

Common name - acetic acid

62
Q

What is the name of carboxylic acid with 3 carbon? Common name and IUPAC name

A

Propanoic acid

Common name - propionic acid

63
Q

What is the name of a 3 carbon parent chain ester with the R group having 2 carbons?

A

Ethyl propanoate

64
Q

What is the name of a 2 carbon parent chain ester with the R group having 3 carbons?

A

Propyl ethanoate

65
Q

What is the name of a 4 carbon parent chain ester with the R group having 1 carbon?

A

Methyl butanoate

66
Q

What is the name of a molecule with 3 carbons and an amide group?

A

Propanamide

67
Q

What is the name of a 4 carbon parent chain before an amide group which has a 1 carbon and a 2 carbon branched off of the nitrogen?

A

N-ethyl-N-methylbutanamide

68
Q

What is the IUPAC name of an anhydride where 2 ethanoic acids come together

A

Ethanoic anhydride

69
Q

What is the IUPAC name for an anhydride where Ethanoic acid and propanoic acid combine?

A

Ethanoic propanoic anhydride

70
Q

List these functional groups in order of priority from highest to lowest:
Anhydride
Carboxylic acid
Amide
Ester
Aldehyde
Alcohol
Ketone
Alkane
Alkyne
Alkene

A

Carboxylic acid
Anhydride
Ester
Amide
Aldehyde
Ketone
Alcohol
Alkene
Alkyne
Alkane

71
Q

What are the common names for butanal, ethanal, and propanal?

A

Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde respectively

72
Q

Common names for methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid, and propanoic acid ?

A

Formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid respectively

Organic Chemistry MCAT (2 decks)

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