Chapter 1 - Neuroscience: Past, Present and Future Flashcards
first medical document
Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
case 8
skull fracture
case 22
fracture of temporal lobe (skull)
patient could not speak
first documented case of aphasia
case 22
when person cannot talk
aphasia
views of ancient Egypt
heat is the seat of the soul and memory
views of ancient Greece
brain involved in sensation; seat of intelligence
prehistoric cranial surgeries
Trenpanation
Greek Physician Galen
characterized what the cerebrum looked like.
- tightly compact with neurons so likely motor function
- ventricles
the Renaissance
fluid-mechanical theory of brain function
philosophical mind-brain problem
who coined the term “dualism”
Rene Descartes
soul is separate from the body
dualism
Descartes thought the soul and mind interacted in the
pineal gland
19th century
- invention of microscope
- gyri, sulci, fissures
- network of nerves throughout the body
who discovered that the electrical activity of cells could affect others (in predictable ways)
Helmhotlz and others
Individuals with genetically influenced traits that are adaptive in a particular environment tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers
Natural Selection
developed the silver staining method
Camillo Golgi
Godfather of neuroscience
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
the principal that individual neurons are elementary signaling elements of nervous system
Neuron Doctrine
first scientist to know cells are individual, they function by themselves
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
Franz Joseph Gall
- localization of brain function (behaviour)
- brain as mental muscle (thought you could determine mental illnesses by bumps on the brain)
- biased
- worked with criminals
this scientist attempted to determine the behaviour associated with specific brain regions
Pierre Flourens
Gall’s challenger/critic
Pierre Flourens
this scientist demonstrated function in cerebellum and cerebrum
Pierre Flourens
all regions of the cerebrum participate equally in all functions
equipotentiality
first to describe the skills of Cro-Magnon
Pierre Paul Broca
most famous for his studies on patients with expressive aphasia
Pierre Paul Broca
patient that could understand language but could not speak
Tan
area of brain for written and spoken language
motor area for language
- near motor area for mouth, tongue and vocal cords
Broca’s area
studied patients who could speak but, their speech was not making any sense
Carl Wernicke
sensory language interpretation program
- near auditory and association cortex
Wernickes area
Wernicke’s Language Model
1) Initial auditory or visual perceptions of language are formed in separate sensory areas of the cortex
2) Perceptions are conveyed to association cortex (angular gyrus)
3) Wernicke’s area: reognized as language and assocated with meaning
4) Broca’s area: spoken or written language
Classification system based on the differing cytoarchitecture of cortical regions
Brodmann’s Cortical Areas
reductionist approach
levels of analysis
- molecular
- cellular
- systems
- behavioural
- cognitive
