Chapter 1 - Neuroscience: Past, Present and Future

Question 1

first medical document

Answer 1

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

Question 2

case 8

Answer 2

skull fracture

Question 3

case 22

Answer 3

fracture of temporal lobe (skull)

patient could not speak

Question 4

first documented case of aphasia

Answer 4

case 22

Question 5

when person cannot talk

Answer 5

aphasia

Question 6

views of ancient Egypt

Answer 6

heat is the seat of the soul and memory

Question 7

views of ancient Greece

Answer 7

brain involved in sensation; seat of intelligence

Question 8

prehistoric cranial surgeries

Answer 8

Trenpanation

Question 9

Greek Physician Galen

Answer 9

characterized what the cerebrum looked like.

• tightly compact with neurons so likely motor function
• ventricles

Question 10

the Renaissance

Answer 10

fluid-mechanical theory of brain function

philosophical mind-brain problem

Question 11

who coined the term “dualism”

Answer 11

Rene Descartes

Question 12

soul is separate from the body

Answer 12

dualism

Question 13

Descartes thought the soul and mind interacted in the

Answer 13

pineal gland

Question 14

19th century

Answer 14

• invention of microscope
• gyri, sulci, fissures
• network of nerves throughout the body

Question 15

who discovered that the electrical activity of cells could affect others (in predictable ways)

Answer 15

Helmhotlz and others

Question 16

Individuals with genetically influenced traits that are adaptive in a particular environment tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers

Answer 16

Natural Selection

Question 17

developed the silver staining method

Answer 17

Camillo Golgi

Question 18

Godfather of neuroscience

Answer 18

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 19

the principal that individual neurons are elementary signaling elements of nervous system

Answer 19

Neuron Doctrine

Question 20

first scientist to know cells are individual, they function by themselves

Answer 20

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 21

Franz Joseph Gall

Answer 21

• localization of brain function (behaviour)
• brain as mental muscle (thought you could determine mental illnesses by bumps on the brain)
• biased
• worked with criminals

Question 22

this scientist attempted to determine the behaviour associated with specific brain regions

Answer 22

Pierre Flourens

Question 23

Gall’s challenger/critic

Answer 23

Pierre Flourens

Question 24

this scientist demonstrated function in cerebellum and cerebrum

Answer 24

Pierre Flourens

Question 25

all regions of the cerebrum participate equally in all functions

Answer 25

equipotentiality

Question 26

first to describe the skills of Cro-Magnon

Answer 26

Pierre Paul Broca

Question 27

most famous for his studies on patients with expressive aphasia

Answer 27

Pierre Paul Broca

Question 28

patient that could understand language but could not speak

Answer 28

Tan

Question 29

area of brain for written and spoken language motor area for language - near motor area for mouth, tongue and vocal cords

Answer 29

Broca's area

Question 30

studied patients who could speak but, their speech was not making any sense

Answer 30

Carl Wernicke

Question 31

sensory language interpretation program | - near auditory and association cortex

Answer 31

Wernickes area

Question 32

Wernicke's Language Model

Answer 32

1) Initial auditory or visual perceptions of language are formed in separate sensory areas of the cortex 2) Perceptions are conveyed to association cortex (angular gyrus) 3) Wernicke's area: reognized as language and assocated with meaning 4) Broca's area: spoken or written language

Question 33

Classification system based on the differing cytoarchitecture of cortical regions

Answer 33

Brodmann's Cortical Areas

Question 34

reductionist approach

Answer 34

levels of analysis - molecular - cellular - systems - behavioural - cognitive