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Fitness Prescription > Chapter 1: Muscular, Neuromuscular, and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Muscular, Neuromuscular, and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue layer that covers the external surface of the muscle and holds fascicles together

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2
Q

bone periosteum

A

specialized connective tissue covering all bones

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3
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk

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4
Q

distal

A

farther from the trunk

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5
Q

superior

A

closer to the head

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6
Q

inferior

A

closer to the feet

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7
Q

origin

A

described as proximal attachment

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8
Q

insertion

A

described as distal attachment

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9
Q

muscle fibers

A

called muscle cells; long cylindrical cells 50-100 um in diameter

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10
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

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11
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue layer that surrounds the fascicle and holds them together

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12
Q

endomysium

A

thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds and loosely binds nearby muscle fibers

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13
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane in muscle fibers

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14
Q

motor neuron

A

nerve cell

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15
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

called motor end plate; junction between motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

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16
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

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17
Q

sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

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18
Q

myofibril

A

contractile proteins in a muscle fiber that are organized into elongated bundles

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19
Q

myofilament

A

contractile proteins found in myofibrils; actin and myosin

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20
Q

cross-bridges

A

globular heads that protrude away from the myosin filament at regular intervals

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21
Q

sarcomere

A

portion of myofibril located between two z discs; where actin and myosin are organized longitudinally

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22
Q

A-band

A

corresponds with the alignment of the myosin filaments; dark bands

23
Q

I-band

A

corresponds with the areas in two adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments; light bands

24
Q

Z-line

A

in the middle of the I-band and appears as a thick, dark line running longitudinally through the I-band

25
Q

H-zone

A

area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present

26
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

loose network of flattened tubules that surrounds the myofibrils in muscle fibers

27
Q

T-tubules

A

tube-like extensions of sarcolemma that run over and around the sarcoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

triad

A

T-tubule and two terminal cisternae

29
Q

terminal cisternae

A

expanded regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are found on both sides of the T-tubules

30
Q

action potential

A

electrical nerve impulse

31
Q

sliding filament theory

A

states that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber

32
Q

troponin

A

protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium ions

33
Q

tropomyosin

A

runs along the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix; slides when calcium binds to troponin

34
Q

slow twitch

A

Type Ia and Ic

35
Q

fast twitch

A

Type IIa and IIc and IIx

36
Q

recruitment

A

process involving an increase in force through varying the number of motor units that are activated

37
Q

proprioceptors

A

specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons; relay information to the central nervous system

38
Q

muscle spindles

A

proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue

39
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junctions and are attached end to end with extrafusal muscle fibers

40
Q

heart

A

muscular organ comprised of two interconnected but separate pumps; right side pumps blood through lungs; left side pumps blood through rest of body

41
Q

atrium

A

deliver blood to the ventricles

42
Q

ventricle

A

supply the main force for moving blood through the pulmonary and peripheral circulations

43
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

prevent flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria during ventricular contraction

44
Q

semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary; prevents back flow from aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

45
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

intrinsic pacemaker; where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated

46
Q

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

A

conducts the impulse to the ventricles

47
Q

left and right bundle branches

A

further divide into the Purkinje fibers and conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles

48
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heart rate

49
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally fast heart rate

50
Q

hemoglobin

A

iron-protein molecule carried by the red blood cells

51
Q

red blood cells

A

major component of blood; contain large quantity of carbonic anhydrase

52
Q

trachea

A

first generation respiratory passage

53
Q

bronchi

A

second generation passages

54
Q

alveoli

A

24th generation; where gases are exchanged in respiration

Fitness Prescription (2 decks)

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